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=== Bibliografía ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |first1=Bas |last1=Aarts |first2=Liliane |last2=Haegeman |date=2006 |chapter=6. English Word classes and Phrases |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |editor1-last=Aarts |editor1-first=Bas |editor2-first=April |editor2-last=McMahon |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Abercrombie |first1=D. |last2=Daniels |first2=Peter T. |pages=72–75 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542048781 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Spelling Reform Proposals: English }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Aitken |editor1-first=A. J. |editor2-last=McArthur |editor2-first=Tom |date=1979 |title=Languages of Scotland |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Chambers |series=Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4 |isbn=978-0-550-20261-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Alcaraz Ariza |first1=M. Á. |last2=Navarro |first2=F. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542023518 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 |pages=752–759 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Medicine: Use of English }}
* {{cite book |last=Algeo |first=John |chapter=Chapter 2:Vocabulary |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=57–91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |title=Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests |journal=International Journal of Applied Linguistics
|volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=319–338 |date=November 2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |chapter=Pluricentric and Divided Languages |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich N. |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft |volume=2 |date=2008 |edition=2nd completely revised and extended |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019425-8 |series=Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Annamalai |first=E. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542046113 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 |pages=610–613 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=India: Language Situation }}
* {{cite web|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=2011 Census QuickStats: Australia |date=28 March 2013 |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |accessdate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106221006/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0 |archivedate=6 November 2015 |df= }}
* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Guy |chapter=Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars |editor-last=Lanehart |editor-first=Sonja L. |title=Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English |date=2001 |pages=53–84 |publisher=John Benjamins |series=Varieties of English around the World |isbn=978-1-58811-046-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bailey |first=G. |date=1997 |chapter=When did southern American English begin |title=Englishes around the world |pages=255–275 |editor=Edgar W. Schneider |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bammesberger |first=Alfred |date=1992 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |pages=26–66 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bao |first=Z. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542042577 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 |pages=377–380 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English }}
* {{cite book |last=Barry |first=Michael V. |chapter=English in Ireland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=84–134 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Laurie |last2=Huddleston |first2=Rodney |chapter=Chapter 19: Lexical Word-Formation |editor1-last=Huddleston |editor1-first=Rodney |editor2-last=Pullum |editor2-first=Geoffrey K. |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |date=15 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0 |chapter-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/grammar-and-syntax/cambridge-grammar-english-language |accessdate=10 February 2015 |pages=1621–1721 |lay-url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~culicove/Publications/CGEL_Review.pdf |laydate=10 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Baugh |first1=Albert C. |last2=Cable |first2=Thomas |title=A History of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=Longman |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-13-015166-7 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bermúdez-Otero |first=Ricardo |first2=April |last2=McMahon |date=2006 |chapter=Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology |editor1=Bas Aarts |editor2=April McMahon |title=The Handbook of English Linguistics |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6425-2 |chapter-url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/uid=3/tocnode?id=g9781405113823_chunk_g978140511382318 |accessdate=2 April 2015 |doi=10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x |pages=382–410 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403030637/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/uid=3/tocnode?id=g9781405113823_chunk_g978140511382318 |archive-date=3 April 2017 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R. |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |title=Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses |pages=285–286 |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11761-6 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA286 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Boberg |first=Charles |date=2010 |title=The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49144-0 |series=Studies in English Language |lay-url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cjl/summary/v056/56.2.brock.html |laydate=2 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |last1=Bosworth |first1=Joseph |authorlink1=Joseph Bosworth |last2=Toller |first2=T. Northcote |title=Engla land |work=[[An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]] (Online) |date=1921 |url=http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/009427 |accessdate=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Charles University]] |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brinton |first=Laurel J. |last2=Brinton |first2=Donna M. |date=2010 |title=The linguistic structure of modern English |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-90-272-8824-0 |url=https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/z.156/main |accessdate=2 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Brutt-Griffler |first=J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006441 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 |pages=690–697 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Languages of Wider Communication }}
* {{cite book |last=Burridge |first=Kate |chapter=Chapter 7: English in Australia |editor-last=Kirkpatrick |editor-first=Andy |date=2010 |title=The Routledge handbook of world Englishes |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62264-6 |pages=132–151 |lay-url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4525181 |laydate=29 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |authorlink=Alistair Campbell (academic) |title=Old English Grammar |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1959 |isbn=978-0-19-811943-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Carr |first=Philip |last2=Honeybone |first2=Patrick |date=2007 |title=English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology' |journal=Language Sciences |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=117–153 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Cassidy |first=Frederic G. |chapter=Geographical Variation of English in the United States |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=177–210 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Cercignani |first=Fausto |title=Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation |date=1981 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JBlAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 March 2015 |lay-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3728688 |laydate=15 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Collingwood |first1=Robin George |authorlink=R. G. Collingwood |last2=Myres |first2= J. N. L. |chapter=Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent |title=Roman Britain and the English Settlements |volume=Book V: The English Settlements |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, England |date=1936 |lccn=37002621 |lay-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2143838 |laydate=15 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Beverley |last2=Mees |first2=Inger M. |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch |edition=5th |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-10340-5 |url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Connell |first=B. A. |title=Nigeria: Language Situation |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542016552 |accessdate=25 March 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 |pages=88–90 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Conrad |first1=Andrew W. |last2=Rubal-Lopez |first2=Alma |title=Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-087218-7 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/143492 |accessdate=2 April 2015 |page=261 |via=[[De Gruyter]] |url-access=subscription |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Cruttenden |first=Alan |year=2014 |title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |edition=8th |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |authorlink=David Crystal |title=Language Death |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2002 |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9781139106856 |accessdate=25 February 2015 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139106856 |isbn=978-1-139-10685-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |author-link=David Crystal |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |lay-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |author-link=David Crystal |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003b |isbn=978-0-521-53033-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3b3ngEACAAJ |accessdate=4 February 2015 |lay-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/english-language-and-linguistics-general-interest/cambridge-encyclopedia-english-language-2nd-edition |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Crystal |first=David |title=Subcontinent Raises Its Voice |year=2004 |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/tefl/story/0,,1355064,00.html |accessdate=4 February 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |chapter=Chapter 9: English worldwide |title=A History of the English language |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-511-16893-2 |pages=420–439 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Daniels |editor1-first=Peter T. |editor2-last=Bright |editor2-first=William |title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=621jAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=23 February 2015 |date=6 June 1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |lay-url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195079937.do |laydate=23 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Dehaene |first=Stanislas |title=Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention |date=2009 |publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-02110-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z2hjwEACAAJ |accessdate=3 April 2015 |lay-url=http://readinginthebrain.pagesperso-orange.fr/intro.htm |laydate=3 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Denison |first1=David |last2=Hogg |first2=Richard M. |chapter=Overview |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=30–31 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Denning |first1=Keith |last2=Kessler |first2=Brett |last3=Leben |first3=William Ronald |title=English Vocabulary Elements |date=17 February 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516803-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz76l9RAccQC |accessdate=25 February 2015 |lay-url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/english-vocabulary-elements-9780195168037?cc=us&lang=en& |laydate=25 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite report |author=Department for Communities and Local Government (United Kingdom) |date=27 February 2007 |title=Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities |url=https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_2nd_SR_UK_en.pdf |publisher=Council of Europe |docket=ACFC/SR/II(2007)003 rev<sup>1</sup> |accessdate=6 March 2015 |ref={{harvid|UKMinorityProtectionReport|2007}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020227/http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_2nd_SR_UK_en.pdf |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Deumert |first=A. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542012943 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 |pages=129–133 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Migration and Language }}
* {{cite journal |last=Dixon|first= R. M. W. |date=1982 |title=The grammar of English phrasal verbs |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=1|doi=10.1080/07268608208599280 |ref=harv |pages=1–42}}
* {{cite book |last=Donoghue |first=D. |title=Old English Literature: A Short Introduction |publisher=Wiley |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-631-23486-9 |doi=10.1002/9780470776025 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Durrell |first=M. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542021891 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 |pages=53–55 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Germanic Languages }}
* {{cite book |last=Eagleson |first=Robert D. |chapter=English in Australia and New Zealand |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=415–438 |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |accessdate=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}
* {{cite report|author=European Commission |title=Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages |date=June 2012 |series=Eurobarometer Special Surveys |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |accessdate=12 February 2015 |lay-url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_sum_en.pdf |laydate=27 March 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |archivedate= 6 January 2016 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fasold |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Connor-Linton |editor2-first=Jeffrey |title=An Introduction to Language and Linguistics |edition=Second |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-06185-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Olga |last2=van der Wurff |first2=Wim |chapter=Chapter 3: Syntax |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=109–198 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Flemming |first1=Edward |last2=Johnson |first2=Stephanie |year=2007 |title=''Rosa's roses'': reduced vowels in American English |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002817 |url=http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf |ref=harv|citeseerx=10.1.1.536.1989 }}
* {{cite book |title=English Phonology: An Introduction |first=Heinz J. |last=Giegerich |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-33603-1 |series=Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Gneuss |first=Helmut |chapter=Chapter 2: The Old English Language |editor1-last=Godden |editor1-first=Malcolm |editor2-last=Lapidge |editor2-first=Michael |date=2013 |title=The Cambridge companion to Old English literature |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15402-4 |pages=19–49 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=Introduction to Early Modern English |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32529-5 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |last=Gordin |first=Michael D. |title=Absolute English |url=http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-did-science-come-to-speak-only-english/ |accessdate=16 February 2015 |work=[[Aeon (digital magazine)|Aeon]] |date=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Campbell |first2= Lyle |last3=Hay |first3=Jennifer |last4=Maclagan |first4= Margaret |last5=Sudbury |first5=Angela |last6=Trudgill |first6=Peter |date=2004 |title=New Zealand English: its origins and evolution|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-10895-9 |series=Studies in English Language |ref={{harvid|Gordon|Campbell|Hay et al.|2004}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Gottlieb |first=H. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542044552 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 |pages=196–206 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Linguistic Influence }}
* {{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language' |authorlink=David Graddol |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |accessdate=7 February 2015 |date=2006 |publisher=The British Council |lay-url=http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/1/81.extract |laysource=ELT Journal |laydate=7 February 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042939/http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next.pdf |archivedate=12 February 2015 }}
* {{cite book |last=Graddol |first=David |title=English Next India: The future of English in India |authorlink=David Graddol |url=http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next-india-2010.pdf |accessdate=7 February 2015 |date=2010 |publisher=The British Council |isbn=978-0-86355-627-2 |lay-url=http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/3/356.extract |laysource=ELT Journal |laydate=7 February 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212042654/http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/ec/files/books-english-next-india-2010.pdf |archivedate=12 February 2015 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Graddol |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Leith |editor2-first=Dick |editor3-last=Swann |editor3-first=Joan |editor4-last=Rhys |editor4-first=Martin |editor5-last=Gillen |editor5-first=Julia |title=Changing English |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415376792/ |accessdate=11 February 2015 |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-37679-2 |ref={{harvid|Graddol|Leith|Swann et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Lisa J. |date=2002 |title=African American English: a linguistic introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Greenbaum |first1=S. |last2=Nelson |first2=G. |title=An introduction to English grammar |date=1 January 2002 |edition=Second |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-43741-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Halliday|first=M. A. K.|last2=Hasan|first2=Ruqaiya|date=1976|title=Cohesion in English|publisher=Pearson Education ltd.|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Harbert |first=Wayne |title=The Germanic Languages |url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511755071 |accessdate=26 February 2015 |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01511-0 |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511755071 |lay-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40492966 |laysource=Language (journal of the Linguistic Society of America) |laydate=26 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=R. |date=2007 |title=Irish English: History and present-day forms |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hickey|editor-first=R. |date=2005|title=Legacies of colonial English: Studies in transported dialects|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hogg |first=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 |pages=67–168 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hogg |first1=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter7: English in Britain |editor1-last=Denison |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Hogg |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=A History of the English language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-71799-1 |pages=360–61 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=How English evolved into a global language|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753 |date=20 December 2010 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 August 2015 |ref={{harvid|How English evolved into a global language|2010}}}}
* {{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=How many words are there in the English language? |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |accessdate=2 April 2015 |quote='''How many words are there in the English language?''' There is no single sensible answer to this question. It's impossible to count the number of words in a language, because it's so hard to decide what actually counts as a word. |ref={{harvid|HowManyWords|2015}}}}
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* {{cite book |first1=Arthur |last1=Hughes |last2=Trudgill |first2=Peter |date=1996 |title=English Accents and Dialects |edition=3rd |publisher= Arnold Publishers |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=König |first=Ekkehard |chapter=17. English |pages=532–562 |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |title=The Germanic Languages |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-28079-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |chapter-url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/ |accessdate=26 February 2015 |lay-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176538 |laydate=26 February 2015 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |editor-last=McArthur |editor-first=Tom |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-214183-5 |lay-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001/acref-9780192800619 |laydate=15 February 2015 |ref=harv|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 }}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mufwene |first=S. S. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542012918 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 |pages=613–616 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Language Spread }}
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* {{cite web |author=National Records of Scotland |title=Census 2011: Release 2A |series=Scotland's Census 2011 |date=26 September 2013 |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-release-2a |accessdate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Northrup |first=David |title=How English Became the Global Language |date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-30306-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPAlPeB6IvQC |accessdate=25 March 2015 |lay-url=http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/how-english-became-the-global-language-david-northrup/?K=9781137303066 |laydate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first=Bernard |last=O'Dwyer |title= Modern English Structures, second edition: Form, Function, and Position |publisher=Broadview Press |date=2006 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=Office for National Statistics |title=Language in England and Wales, 2011 |date=4 March 2013 |periodical=2011 Census Analysis |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/language-in-england-and-wales-2011/rpt---language-in-england-and-wales--2011.html |accessdate=16 December 2014 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Patrick |first=P. L. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006a |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542017600 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 |pages=88–90 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Jamaica: Language Situation }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Patrick |first=P. L. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006b |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050926 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 |pages=159–163 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=English, African-American Vernacular }}
* {{cite book |last1=Payne |last2=Huddleston |first1=John |first2=Rodney |chapter=5. Nouns and noun phrases |editor1-last=Huddleston |editor2-last=Pullum |editor1-first=R. |editor2-first=G. K. |date=2002 |title=The Cambridge Grammar of English |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=323–522 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Richter |first=Ingo |chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Richter |editor1-first=Dagmar |editor2-last=Richter |editor2-first=Ingo |editor3-last=Toivanen |editor3-first=Reeta |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Ulasiuk |editor4-first=Iryna |title=Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=BWV Verlag |isbn=978-3-8305-2809-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9kBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |accessdate=2 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |title=English Phonetics and Phonology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge |edition=4th |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Romaine |first=Suzanne |chapter=English in Scotland |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=56–83 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Romaine |first=Suzanne |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=01–56 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Romaine |first=S. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542006465 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 |pages=584–596 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts }}
* {{cite web |title=The Routes of English |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=1 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|ref=harvid|The Routes of English}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Rowicka |first=G. J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542018484 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 |pages=194–195 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Canada: Language Situation }}
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* {{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Camille |title=Language Use in the United States: 2011 |periodical=American Community Survey Reports |date=August 2013 |page=1 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |accessdate=16 December 2014 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101044/http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2016 |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |last=Sailaja |first=Pingali |title=Indian English |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7486-2595-6 |series=Dialects of English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |lay-url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/indian-english-9780748625949?cc=us&lang=en& |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Schiffrin |first=Deborah |date=1988 |title=Discourse Markers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35718-0 |series=Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs7J-WqPtPAC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |lay-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/discourse-markers |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Edgar |title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-53901-2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |accessdate=5 April 2015 |lay-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/postcolonial-english-varieties-around-world |laydate=5 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite web |last=Sheidlower |first=Jesse |title=How many words are there in English? |date=10 April 2006 |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2139611/ |accessdate=2 April 2015 |quote=The problem with trying to number the words in any language is that it's very hard to agree on the basics. For example, what is a word? |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Scheler|first=Manfred|year=1977|title=Der englische Wortschatz [English Vocabulary]|location=Berlin|publisher=E. Schmidt|language=German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GchZAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-3-503-01250-3|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |title=Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |date=22 August 2014 |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&Asc=0&PRCode=01&OrderBy=2&View=1&tableID=401&queryID=1&Age=1#TableSummary |accessdate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=Statistics New Zealand |title=2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity |date=April 2014 |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/quickstats-culture-identity.pdf |page=23 |accessdate=25 March 2015 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115195639/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/quickstats-culture-identity.pdf |archivedate=15 January 2015 }}
* {{cite book|publisher=Statistics South Africa |title=Census 2011: Census in Brief |id=Report No. 03‑01‑41 |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-621-41388-5 |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |chapter=Population by first language spoken and province |ref= {{SfnRef|Statistics South Africa|2012}} |page=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113164744/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2015|dead-url=no |chapter-url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf#page=28 |editor-first=Pali |editor-last=Lehohla |location=Pretoria |df= }}
* {{cite book |last1=Svartvik |first1=Jan |last2=Leech |first2=Geoffrey |title=English – One Tongue, Many Voices |date=12 December 2006 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-1830-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqZsQgAACAAJ |accessdate=5 March 2015 |lay-url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=116884 |laydate=16 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=A New English Grammar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2014 |origyear=1892 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Erik R. |date=2008 |chapter=Rural Southern white accents |title=Varieties of English |volume=2: The Americas and the Caribbean |pages=87–114 |editor=Edgar W. Schneider |publisher=de Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomason |first=Sarah G. |authorlink=Sarah Thomason |last2=Kaufman |first2=Terrence |authorlink2=Terrence Kaufman |title=Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics |publisher=University of California Press |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-520-91279-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Todd |first=Loreto |chapter=The English language in West Africa |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=281–305 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Toon |first=Thomas E. |chapter=Variation in Contemporary American English |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Görlach |editor2-first=Manfred |title=English as a World Language |pages=210–250 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-3-12-533872-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Toon |first=Thomas E. |chapter=Old English Dialects |editor-last=Hogg |editor-first=Richard M. |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=1: The Beginnings to 1066 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-26474-7 |pages=409–451 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Trask |first1=Larry |last2=Trask |first2=Robert Lawrence |title=Why Do Languages Change? |date=January 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83802-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qoZzBgCmFMC |accessdate=5 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |date=1999 |title=The Dialects of England |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-21815-9 |lay-url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0631218157.html |laydate=27 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Trudgill |first=P. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542015066 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 |page=14 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Accent }}
* {{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |first2=Jean |last2=Hannah |date=2002 |title=International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English |edition=4th |location=London |publisher=Hodder Education |isbn=978-0-340-80834-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |first2=Jean |last2=Hannah |date=1 January 2008 |title=International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English |edition=5th |location=London |publisher=Arnold |isbn=978-0-340-97161-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8u8MR8MNaEC |accessdate=26 March 2015 |lay-url=http://www.tandf.net/books/details/9780340971611/ |laydate=26 March 2015 |ref=harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131243/http://www.tandf.net/books/details/9780340971611/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}
* {{cite web |author=United Nations |title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations |date=2008 |url=https://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/visitors/shared/documents/pdfs/Pub_United%20Nations_Everything%20U%20Always%20wanted%20to%20know.pdf |accessdate=4 April 2015 |quote=The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wardhaugh |first=Ronald |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |edition=Sixth |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-8668-1 |series=Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Watts |first=Richard J. |title=Language Myths and the History of English |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532760-1 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001/acprof-9780195327601 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 |lay-url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?SubID=4544145 |laydate=10 March 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wojcik |first=R. H. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542050811 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 |pages=139–142 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Controlled Languages }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wolfram |first=W. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 |chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542042565 |accessdate=6 February 2015 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 |pages=333–341 |lay-url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-language-and-linguistics-14-volume-set/brown/978-0-08-044854-1 |laydate=6 February 2015 |ref=harv|chapter=Variation and Language: Overview |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics }}
{{refend}}
 
=== Ligazóns externas ===
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/CLIG/ Dicionario CLUVI] Dicionario inglés-galego da Universidade de Vigo
Traído desde «https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_inglesa»