Lingua alemá: Diferenzas entre revisións

== Clasificación ==

O alemán estándar moderno é unha [[Linguas xermánicas occidentais|lingua xermánica occidental]] que descende da póla [[Linguas xermánicas|xermánica]] de [[linguas indoeuropeas]]. As linguas xermánicas están tradicionalmente subdivididas en tres pólas: [[Linguas nórdicas|nórdica]], [[Linguas xermánicas orientais|oriental]] e [[Linguas xermánicas occidentais|occidental]]. A primeira destas pólas sobrevive nas modernas linguas [[Lingua dinamarquesa|dinamarquesa]], [[Lingua sueca|sueca]], [[Lingua norueguesa|norueguesa]], [[Lingua feroesa|feroesa]] e [[Lingua islandesa|islandesa]], todas elas descedentes do [[Lingua nórdica antiga|nórdico antigo]]. As linguas xermánicas orientais non existen no presente, e o único membro desta póla con textos escritos sobreviventes é o [[Lingua gótica|gótico]]. Porén, as linguas xermánicas occidentais, téñense dividido dialectalmente no que hoxe son os modernos [[Lingua inglesa|inglés]], alemán, [[Lingua neerlandesa|neerlandés]], [[Lingua yiddish|yiddish]], [[Lingua afrikaans|afrikaans]] e outros.<ref name=":0">{{Cita libro|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22811452|título=Old English and its closest relatives : a survey of the earliest Germanic languages|apelido=Robinson|nome=Orrin W.|data=1992|editorial=Stanford University Press|ano=|isbn=978-0-8047-2221-6|localización=Stanford, Calif.|páxinas=16|oclc=22811452}}</ref>

Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the [[Benrath line|Benrath]] and [[Uerdingen line|Uerdingen]] lines (running through [[Düsseldorf]]-[[Düsseldorf-Benrath|Benrath]] and [[Krefeld]]-[[Uerdingen]], respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the [[High German consonant shift]] (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as [[High German languages|High German]] dialects ''(nos. 29-34 on the map)'', while those spoken to the north comprise the [[Low German]]/Low Saxon ''(nos. 19-24)'' and [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] ''(no. 25)'' dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian can be further distinguished historically as [[Irminones|Irminonic]], [[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]], and [[Istvaeones|Istvaeonic]], respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser-Rhine group).<ref name=":0" />