Colémbolos: Diferenzas entre revisións

Os colémbolos son utilizados actualmente en probas de laboratorio para a detección precoz da [[contaminación do solo]]. Estas probas de [[toxicidade aguda]] e [[toxicidade crónica|crónica]] realízanse principalmente utilizando o [[isotómido]] [[partenoxénese|partenoxenético]] ''[[Folsomia candida]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Michelle T. Fountain |author2=Steve P. Hopkin |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2001 |title=Continuous monitoring of ''Folsomia candida'' (Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=275–286 |doi=10.1006/eesa.2000.2007 |url=http://www.stevehopkin.co.uk/publications/2001_EES_48_275-286.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> Estas probas foron estandarizadas.<ref>{{cite web |author=ISO 11267 |year=2014 |title=Soil quality. Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (''Folsomia candida'') by soil contaminants |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]] |location=Geneva |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=57582}}</ref> Danse detalles dun ''ringtest'' sobre a bioloxía e [[ecotoxicoloxía]] de ''[[Folsomia candida]]'' e a comparación coa especie sexual próxima ''Folsomia fimetaria'' (ás veces preferida nestas probas a ''[[Folsomia candida]]''), nun documento escrito por Paul Henning Krogh.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Henning Krogh |url=http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/41389036.pdf |title=Toxicity testing with the collembolans Folsomia fimetaria and Folsomia candida and the results of a ringtest |date=August 1, 2008 |accessdate=January 10, 2016 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> Debe de terse coidado de que o uso de distintas cepas da mesma especie conduzan a diferentes resultados. Avoidance tests have been also performed.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Christine Lors |author2=Maite Martínez Aldaya |author3=Sandrine Salmon |author4=Jean-François Ponge |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2006 |title=Use of an avoidance test for the assessment of microbial degradation of PAHs |journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=2199–2204 |doi=10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.026 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222430922 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> They have been standardized, too.<ref>{{cite web |author=ISO 17512-2 |year=2011 |title=Soil quality. Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour. Part 2: Test with collembolans (''Folsomia candida'') |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]] |location=Geneva |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50779}}</ref> Avoidance tests are complementary to toxicity tests, but they also offer several advantages: they are more rapid (thus cheaper), more sensitive and they are environmentally more reliable, because in the real world Collembola move actively far from pollution spots.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Matthieu Chauvat |author2=Jean-François Ponge |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2002 |title=Colonization of heavy metal-polluted soils by collembola: preliminary experiments in compartmented boxes |journal=Applied Soil Ecology |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00087-2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222558000 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> It may be hypothesized that the soil could become locally depauperated in animals (and thus improper to normal use) while below thresholds of toxicity. Contrary to [[earthworm]]s, and like many insects and molluscs, Collembola are very sensitive to [[herbicide]]s and thus are threatened in no-tillage agriculture, which makes a more intense use of herbicides than conventional agriculture.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jean-François Ponge |author2=Ipsa Bandyopadhyaya |author3=Valérie Marchetti |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2002 |title=Interaction between humus form and herbicide toxicity to Collembola (Hexapoda) |journal=Applied Soil Ecology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=239–253 |doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00026-4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222666737 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>▼

The springtail ''[[Folsomia candida]]'' is also becoming a [[genomic]] model organism for soil toxicology.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Benjamin Nota |author2=Martijn J.T.N. Timmermans |author3=Oscar Franken |author4=Kora Montagne-Wajer |author5=Janine Mariën |author6=Muriel E. De Boer |author7=Tjalf E. De Boer |author8=Bauke Ylstra |author9=Nico M. Van Straalen |author10=Dick Roelofs |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2008 |title=Gene expression analysis of Collembola in cadmium containing soil |journal=[[Environmental Science and Technology]] |volume=42 |issue=21 |pages=8152–8157 |PMID=19031917 |doi=10.1021/es801472r |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23495797 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Benjamin Nota |author2=Mirte Bosse |author3=Bauke Ylstra |author4=Nico M. Van Straalen |author5=Dick Roelofs |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2009 |title=Transcriptomics reveals extensive inducible biotransformation in the soil-dwelling invertebrate ''Folsomia candida'' exposed to phenanthrene |journal=[[BMC Genomics]] |volume=10 |pages=236 |PMID=19457238 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-236 |pmc=2688526 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-10-236.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> With [[microarray]] technology the expression of thousands of genes can be measured in parallel. The gene expression profiles of ''[[Folsomia candida]]'' exposed to environmental toxicants allow fast and sensitive detection of pollution, and additionally clarifies molecular mechanisms causing toxicology.▼

Collembola have been found to be useful as bio-indicators of soil quality. Laboratory studies have been conducted that validated that the jumping ability of springtails can be used to evaluate the soil quality of Cu- and Ni-polluted sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Shin Woong Kim |author2=Youn-Joo An |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2014 |title=Jumping behavior of the springtail ''Folsomia candida'' as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=38|pages=67–71 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X13004044}}</ref>▼