Fosfatidilinositol (3,5)-bisfosfato: Diferenzas entre revisións

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Miguelferig (conversa | contribucións)
Miguelferig (conversa | contribucións)
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==Funcións e regulación==
 
O PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> regula operacións endosómicas (fisión e fusión) thatque maintainmanteñen endomembranea homeostasishomeostase anddas proper[[sistema performanceendomembranoso|endomembranas]] ofe theo traffickingcorrecto pathwaysfuncionamento emanatingdas fromvías orde traversingtráfico endosomesque proceden ou pasan polos [[endosoma]]s. DecreaseA ofdiminución dos niveis de PtdIns(3,5)P2''P''<sub>2</sub> levelspor uponperturbacións perturbationsdo ofPIKfyve cellularcelular por PIKfyve byexpresión heterologousheteróloga expressionde ofmutantes enzymaticallypuntuais inactivede PIKfyve pointencimaticamente mutantsinactiva,
<ref name="Ikonomov2001">Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Shisheva A. Mammalian cell morphology and endocytic membrane homeostasis require enzymatically active phosphoinositide 5-kinase PIKfyve. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 13;276(28):26141-7. Epub 2001 Apr 2. {{DOI|10.1074/jbc.M101722200}} PMID 11285266</ref>
silenciamento mediado por ARN interferente pequeno,
siRNA-medicated silencing,
<ref name="Rutherford2006">Rutherford AC, Traer C, Wassmer T, Pattni K, Bujny MV, Carlton JG, Stenmark H, Cullen PJ. The mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve) regulates endosome-to-TGN retrograde transport. J Cell Sci. 2006 Oct 1;119(19):3944-57. Epub 2006 Sep 5. {{DOI|10.1242/jcs.03153}} PMID 16954148</ref>
inhibición farmacolóxica
pharmacological inhibition
<ref name="Jefferies2008">Jefferies HB, Cooke FT, Jat P, Boucheron C, Koizumi T, Hayakawa M, Kaizawa H, Ohishi T, Workman P, Waterfield MD, Parker PJ. A selective PIKfyve inhibitor blocks PtdIns(3,5)P(2) production and disrupts endomembrane transport and retroviral budding. ''EMBO Rep''. 2008 Feb;9(2):164-70. Epub 2008 Jan 11. {{DOI|10.1038/sj.embor.7401155}} PMID 18188180</ref>
ande PIKFYVE[[knockout de xenes|knockout]] de PIKFYVE
<ref name="Ikonomov2011"/>
causan a formación de moitos [[vacúolo]]s [[citosol|citosólicos]], que se fan maeirandes co tempo. Un feito importante é que a vacuolización inducida pola disfunción de PIKfyve e a diminución do PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> é reversible e podería ser rescatado selectivamente por microinxección citosólica de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub>,
all cause formation of multiple cytosolic vacuoles, which become larger over time. Importantly, the vacuolation induced by PIKfyve dysfunction and PtdIns(3,5)P2 depletion is reversible and could be selectively rescued by cytosolic microinjection of PtdIns(3,5)P2,
<ref>Ikonomov OC, Sbrissa D, Mlak K, Kanzaki M, Pessin J, Shisheva A. Functional dissection of lipid and protein kinase signals of PIKfyve reveals the role of PtdIns 3,5-P2 production for endomembrane integrity. J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 15;277(11):9206-11. Epub 2001 Nov 19. PMID 11714711</ref>
overexpressionsobreexpresión ofde PIKfyve
<ref name="Ikonomov2001"/>
orou wash-outeliminación ofpor thelavado do PIKfyve inhibitorinhibidor YM201636 de PIKfyve.
<ref name="Jefferies2008"/>
A actividade da fosfatase Sac3 no complexo PAS tamén xoga un importante papel na regulación dos niveis de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> e no mantemento da homeostase das endomenbranas. Así, a vacuolización citoplasmática inducida polo mutante dominante negativo PIKfyveK1831E é suprimida pola coexpresión dun mutante puntual de fosfatase Sac3 inactiva xunto con ArPIKfyve.
Sac3 phosphatase activity in the PAS complex also plays an important role in regulating PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels and maintaining endomembrane homeostasis. Thus, cytoplasmic vacuolation induced by the dominant-negative PIKfyveK1831E mutant is suppressed upon co-expression of a Sac3 phosphatase-inactive point-mutant along with ArPIKfyve.
<ref name="Ikonomov2009"/>
Os ensaios de reconstitución in vitro da fusión de endosomas e a formación/separación (fisión) de corpos multivesiculares (MVB) suxire un papel positivo do PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> na fisión de corpos multivesiculares a partir de endosomas temperáns e un papel negativo na fusión de endosomas.
In vitro reconstitution assays of endosome fusion and multivesicular body (MVB) formation/detachment (fission) suggest a positive role of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in MVB fission from maturing early endosomes and a negative role in endosome fusion.
<ref name="Sbrissa2007"/>
<ref name="Ikonomov2006"/>
O PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> está implicado no transporte retrógrado dependente de microtúbulos desde endosomas temperáns e tardíos á rede do trans Golgi.
PtdIns(3,5)P2 is implicated in the microtubule-dependent retrograde transport from early/late endosomes to the trans Golgi network.
<ref name="Rutherford2006"/>
<ref>Ikonomov OC, Fligger J, Sbrissa D, Dondapati R, Mlak K, Deeb R, Shisheva A. Kinesin adapter JLP links PIKfyve to microtubule-based endosome-to-trans-Golgi network traffic of furin. J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 6;284(6):3750-61. Epub 2008 Dec 4. {{DOI|10.1074/jbc.M806539200}} PMID 19056739.</ref>
 
Un tratamento agudo con [[insulina]] incrementa os niveis de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> nos [[adipocito]]s 3T3L1, tanto en membranas illadas coma en células intactas para promover o efectoda insulina sobre a translocación na superficie celular de GLUT4 e o transporte de glicosa.
Acute insulin treatment increases PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels in 3T3L1 adipocytes, both in isolated membranes and intact cells to promote insulin effect on GLUT4 cell surface translocation and glucose transport.
<ref name="Ikonomov2007"/>
<ref name="Ikonomov2009"/>
Estas células tamén presentan un incremento marcado de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> durante os choques hiperosmóticos.
These cells also show a marked PtdIns(3,5)P2 increase upon hyperosmotic shock.
<ref name="Sbrissa2005"/>
OtherOutros stimuliestímulos, includingentre mitogeniceles signalsos suchsinais asmitoxénicos como a [[InterleukinInterleucina 2|IL-2]] ande a [[UVluz lightultravioleta]] inen [[lymphocyteslinfocito]]s,
<ref>Jones DR, González-García A, Díez E, Martinez-A C, Carrera AC, Meŕida I. The identification of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate in T-lymphocytes and its regulation by interleukin-2. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 25;274(26):18407-13. PMID 10373447</ref>
activationa ofactivación da [[proteinproteína kinasequinase C]] bypolo PMA inen [[plateletsplaqueta]]s
<ref>Banfić H, Downes CP, Rittenhouse SE. Biphasic activation of PKBalpha/Akt in platelets. Evidence for stimulation both by phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, produced via a novel pathway, and by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1998 May 8;273(19):11630-7. PMID 9565582</ref>
e a estimulación por [[factor de crecemento epidérmico]] (EGF) de células COS,
and [[Epidermal growth factor|EGF]] stimulation of COS cells,
<ref>Tsujita K, Itoh T, Ijuin T, Yamamoto A, Shisheva A, Laporte J, Takenawa T. Myotubularin regulates the function of the late endosome through the gram domain-phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate interaction. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13817-24. Epub 2004 Jan 12. PMID 14722070</ref>
alsotamén increaseincrementan os niveis de PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels''P''<asub>2</sub>.
 
O PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> xoga un papel clave no crecemento e desenvolvemento como se evidencia na letalidade preimplantación en modelos de [[rato knockout|ratos knockout]] para PIKfyve.
PtdIns(3,5)P2 plays a key role in growth and development as evidenced by the preimplantation lethality of the PIKfyve knockout mouse model.
<ref name="Ikonomov2011"/>
The fact that the heterozygous PIKfyve mice are ostensibly normal and live to late adulthood with only ~60% of the wild-type PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels suggests that PtdIns(3,5)P2 might normally be in excess.
<ref name="Ikonomov2011"/>
 
Nos ratos knockout para ArPIKfyve/Vac14 orou Sac3/Fig4 knockoutobsérvase inun micedecenso results in ado 30-50% decreasenos inniveis de PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels''P''<sub>2</sub> ande causeprodúcese similarunha massivedexeneración central neurodegenerationmasiva ande peripheralneuropatía neuropathyperiférica.
<ref name="Zhang2007"/>
<ref name="Chow2007"/>
Estes estudos indican que os niveis reducidos de PtdIns(3,5)''P''>sub>2</sub>, por un mecanismo aínda non identificado, median a morte neuronal. Ao contrario, o knockout para a fosfatase MTMR2, que tamén causa neuropatía periférica, está acompañada pola elevación dos niveis de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub>.
These studies suggest that reduced PtdIns(3,5)P2 levels, by a yet-to-be identified mechanism, mediate neuronal death. In contrast, MTMR2 phosphatase knockout, which also causes peripheral neuropathy, is accompanied by elevation in PtdIns(3,5)P2.
<ref>Vaccari I, Dina G, Tronchère H, Kaufman E, Chicanne G, Cerri F, Wrabetz L, Payrastre B, Quattrini A, Weisman LS, Meisler MH, Bolino A. Genetic interaction between MTMR2 and FIG4 phospholipid phosphatases involved in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. ''PLoS Genet''. 2011 Oct;7(10):e1002319. Epub 2011 Oct 20. PMID 22028665</ref>
Xa que logo, non está claro se e como os niveis anormais de PtdIns(3,5)''P''<sub>2</sub> afectan selectivamente ás funcións das [[neurona]]s periféricas.
Thus, whether and how the abnormal levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2 selectively affect peripheral neuronal functions remains unclear.
 
== Efectores ==