|
A [[levodopa]] é un precursor da dopamina usado de varias maneiras no tratamento da [[enfermidade de Parkinson]]. Coadminístrase normalmente xunto cun inhibidor da descarboxilación periférica (DDC, [[dopa descarboxilase]]), como a [[carbidopa]] ou [[benserazida]]. Tamén se usan os inhibidores da [[ruta metabólica]] alternativa da dopamina pola [[catecol-O-metil transferase]], entre os que están a [[entacapona]] e [[tolcapona]].
=== RenaisControl das funcións renais e cardiovasculares === ▼==Funcións non neurais== ▼▲=== Renais e cardiovasculares ===
A dopamina ten tamén efectos fóra do sistema nervioso central cando se admministra por vía intravenosa IV, que son dependentes da dose.
* A altas doses <ref name="BryantKnights2010">{{cita libro|autor=Jean Bryant Bronwen, Kathleen Mary Knights|título=Pharmacology for Health Professionals|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TQV6sLzYsOYC&pg=PA119|accessdate=9 June 2011|edition=2nd|date=15 November 2009|editor=Elsevier Australia|isbn=978-0-7295-3929-6|page=192}}</ref> causa vasoconstrición, incrementa a resistencia vascular sistémica, e a presión sanguínea ao activar os [[receptor alfa 1|receptores α<sub>1</sub>]],<ref name=pharmnemonics /> pero produce constrición dos vasos renais e redución do volume de [[urina]].<ref name="BryantKnights2010"/>
▲==Funcións non neuraisinmunorregulatorias==
===Inmunorregulatorias===
DopamineA actsdopamina uponactúa receptorssobre presentos onreceptores immunepresentes nas células cellsinmunes, withcon alltodos subtypesos ofsubtipos dopaminede receptorsreceptores foundde ondopamina presentes nos [[leukocyteleucocito]]s. ThereHai isunha lowexpresión expressionbaixa ofdestes receptorsreceptores onno [[linfocito T lymphocyte]]s ande no [[monocytemonocito]]s, moderateunha expressionexpresión onmoderada no [[neutrophilneutrófilo]]s ande [[eosinophileosinófilo]]s, ande highunha expressionalta onexpresión no [[Blinfocito cellB]]s ande na [[naturalcélula killer cellNK]]s. <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00280-1 | last1 = McKenna | first1 = F | last2 = McLaughlin | first2 = PJ | last3 = Lewis | first3 = BJ | last4 = Sibbring | first4 = GC | last5 = Cummerson | first5 = JA | last6 = Bowen-Jones | first6 = D | last7 = Moots | first7 = RJ. | year = 2002 | title = Dopamine receptor expression on human T- and B-lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and NK cells: a flow cytometric study | url = | journal = J Neuroimmunol | volume = 132 | issue = 1–2| pages = 34–40 | pmid = 12417431 }}</ref> TheA inervación [[Sympatheticsistema nervousnervioso systemsimpático|sympathetic innervationsimpática]] ofdo [[lymphoidtecido tissuelinfoide]]s isé dopaminergicdopaminérxica, ande increasesincreméntase duringdurante stresso estrés. <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2003.00280.x | last1 = Mignini | first1 = F | last2 = Streccioni | first2 = V | last3 = Amenta | first3 = F | title = Autonomic innervation of immune organs and neuroimmune modulation | journal = Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–25 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14565534 }}</ref> DopamineA candopamina alsopode affecttamén immuneafectar cellsás incélulas theinmunitarias do [[spleenbazo]], [[bonemedula marrowósea]], ande [[blood circulationsangue]]. <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00176-9 | last1 = Basu | first1 = S | last2 = Dasgupta | first2 = PS. | year = 2000 | title = Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, influences the immune system | url = | journal = J Neuroimmunol | volume = 102 | issue = 2| pages = 113–24 | pmid = 10636479 }}</ref> In addition, dopamine can be synthesized and released by the immune cells themselves.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12912 | last1 = Bergquist | first1 = J | last2 = Tarkowski | first2 = A | last3 = Ekman | first3 = R | last4 = Ewing | first4 = A. | year = 1994 | title = Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 91 | issue = 26| pages = 12912–6 | pmid = 7809145 | pmc = 45550 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cosentino | first1=M | last2=Fietta | first2=AM | last3=Ferrari | first3=M | last4=Rasini | first4=E | last5=Bombelli | first5=R | last6=Carcano | first6=E | last7=Saporiti | first7=F | last8=Meloni | first8=F | last9=Marino | first9=F | title=Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop | url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/109/2/632 | journal=Blood | volume=109 | issue=2 | pages=632–42 | year=2007 |pmid= 16985181 | doi=10.1182/blood-2006-01-028423 }}</ref>
TheOs effectsefectos ofda dopaminedopamina onsobre immuneas células cellsinmunitarias dependdepende upondo theirseu physiologicalestado statefisiolóxico. WhileA dopaminedopamina activatesactiva restingas [[célula T|células cellT]]s, iten inhibitsrepouso, thempero wheninhíbeas theycando areestán activatedactivadas. DisordersTrastornos suchcomo asa [[schizophrenia]]esquizofrenia ande [[Parkinson'senfermidade disease]]de Parkinson, innas whichcales therehai arecambios changesnos inreceptores brainde dopaminedopamina receptorsdo andcerebro dopaminee signalingnas pathwaysvías de sinalización de dopamina, areestán alsotamén associatedasociados withcoa alteredalteración immunedas functioningfuncións inmunes. <ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sarkar | first1=C | last2=Basu | first2=B | last3=Chakroborty | first3=D | last4=Dasgupta | first4=PS | last5=Basu | first5=S | title=The immunoregulatory role of dopamine: an update | journal=Brain, behavior, and immunity | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=525–8 | year=2010 | doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.015 | pmc=2856781 | pmid= 19896530 }}</ref>
== A dopamina e a oxidación da froita ==
| 