Fumar: Diferenzas entre revisións

A percepción cultural que rodea o acto de fumar variou conforme o paso do tempo e entre un lugar e outro: sagrado ou pecaminoso, sofisticado ou vulgar.<ref name="pmid15213107">{{Cita publicación periódica|author=Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I|title=Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors|journal=BMJ|volume=328|issue=7455|page=1519|year=2004|pmid=15213107|pmc=437139|doi=10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE|last2=Peto|last3=Boreham|last4=Sutherland}}</ref> Só nos nosos días<ref name="Gay">{{Cita libro|last=Gay|first=Peter|year=1988|title=Freud: A Life for Our Time|url=https://archive.org/details/freudlifeforourt00gayp|location=New York|pages=650–651[https://archive.org/details/freudlifeforourt00gayp/page/650 650]–651|isbn=0-393-32861-9|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|authorlink=Peter Gay}}</ref>, e principalmente nos países industrializados, fumar comezou a verse como negativo.<ref name="WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement">{{Cita novas|publisher=Wall Street Journal|title=Forty-Six States Agree to Accept $206 Billion Tobacco Settlement|date=November 23, 1998|author=Milo Geyelin}}</ref> Estudos médicos probaron que fumar é causa de enfermidades<ref>{{Cita publicación periódica|author=Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, Boffetta P, Buring JE, Feskanich D, Flanders WD, Jee SH, Katanoda K, Kolonel LN, Lee IM, Marugame T, Palmer JR, Riboli E, Sobue T, Avila-Tang E, Wilkens LR, Samet JM|title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: An analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies|journal=PLoS Med|volume=5|issue=9|page=e185|year=2008|pmid=18788891|pmc=2531137|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185|last2=Hannan|last3=Adams-Campbell|last4=Boffetta|last5=Buring|last6=Feskanich|last7=Flanders|last8=Jee|last9=Katanoda|last10=Kolonel|last11=Lee|last12=Marugame|last13=Palmer|last14=Riboli|last15=Sobue|last16=Avila-Tang|last17=Wilkens|last18=Samet}}</ref> tales como [[cancro de pulmón]]<ref>{{Cita libro|last=Harris|first=J.R.|year=1998|title=[[The Nurture Assumption]]: Why children turn out the way they do|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|authorlink=Judith Rich Harris}}</ref>, [[Parada cardiorrespiratoria|paro cardíaco]]<ref name="Nyboe-1989">{{Cita publicación periódica|apelidos=Nyboe J, Jensen G, Appleyard M, Schnohr P.|título=Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen. I: Hereditary, educational and socioeconomic factors. Copenhagen City Heart Study.|revista=Eur Heart J|número=10|PMID=2598948}}</ref> e [[Doenza pulmonar obstrutiva crónica|enfermidade pulmonar obstructiva crónica]]<ref name="pmid23974179">{{Cita publicación periódica|title=Summaries for patients. Primary care interventions to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement|journal=Ann. Intern. Med.|volume=159|issue=8|pages=I–36|year=2013|pmid=23974179|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00699}}</ref>, así como defectos de nacemento.<ref name="RockEtAlCDC2006">{{Cita web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm|title=Cigarette Smoking Among Adults --- United States, 2006|accessdate=2009-01-01|author=VJ Rock, MPH, A Malarcher, JW Kahende, K Asman, MSPH, C Husten, MD, R Caraballo|date=2007-11-09|work=|publisher=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|quote=[...]In 2006, an estimated 20.8% (45.3 million) of U.S. adults[...]}}</ref><ref>American Legacy Foundation: [http://www.americanlegacy.org/PDF/Lung_Cancer_Fact_Sheet.pdf “Factsheet on lung cancer”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927123004/http://www.americanlegacy.org/PDF/Lung_Cancer_Fact_Sheet.pdf |date=27 de setembro de 2007 }} (hechos acerca del cáncer de pulmón).</ref><ref name="dev">Devereux G.: “ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</ref> Debido aos comprobados danos á saúde, moitos países estableceron altos impostos aos produtos relacionados co tabaco conxuntamente con campañas para deixar de fumar nun intento de frear este hábito.<ref name="pmid7661229">{{Cita publicación periódica|author=Thun MJ, Day-Lally CA, Calle EE, Flanders WD, Heath CW|title=Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval|journal=Am J Public Health|volume=85|issue=9|pages=1223–30|year=1995|pmid=7661229|pmc=1615570|doi=10.2105/ajph.85.9.1223|last2=Day-Lally|last3=Calle|last4=Flanders|last5=Heath Jr}}</ref> Moitos países, Estados ou cidades impuxeron do mesmo xeito prohibicións<ref>{{Cita publicación periódica|last1=Chamberlain|first1=C|last2=O'Mara-Eves|first2=A|last3=Oliver|first3=S|last4=Caird|first4=JR|last5=Perlen|first5=SM|last6=Eades|first6=SJ|last7=Thomas|first7=J|title=Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=23 October 2013|issue=10|pages=CD001055|pmid=24154953}}</ref> en edificios públicos onde non está permitido fumar.<ref>{{Cita libro|last=Hilton|first=Matthew|title=Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800-2000: Perfect Pleasures|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UjM8t6Ul73YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Smoking+in+British+Popular+Culture#PPA229,M1|archiveurl=|archivedate=|format=|accessdate=2009-03-22|edition=|date=2000-05-04|origyear=|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=|language=|isbn=978-0-7190-5257-6|oclc=|bibcode=|id=|pages=229–241|quote=}}</ref> A pesar dos esforzos, os países europeos seguen tendo os índices máis altos de fumadores ocupando a posición 18, conforme a unha lista publicada por ERC<ref name="WHO2002FactSheet">{{Cita web|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm|title=WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics|accessdate=2009-01-01|date=2002-05-28|work=|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific|location=|pages=|language=|doi=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108181404/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/fact_sheets/fs_20020528.htm|archivedate=08 de novembro de 2009|quote=|deadurl=yes}}</ref>, unha empresa dedicada ao estudo do mercado.<ref name="pmid12002168">{{Cita publicación periódica|author=|title=Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999|journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.|volume=51|issue=14|pages=300–3|year=2002|pmid=12002168|doi=|author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> Nesta mesma lista [[Grecia]] aparece á cabeza, promediando 3000 cigarros por persoa ao ano<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/05/11/crack_media/index1.html|title=Cracked up|work=salon.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025907/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/05/11/crack_media/index1.html|archivedate=02 de decembro de 2008|data-acceso=13 de febreiro de 2017}}</ref> en [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.gadling.com/2008/05/12/which-country-smokes-the-most/ «Which country smokes the most?]<div class="cx-overlay"><div class="cx-spinner"><div class="bounce1"></div><div class="bounce2"></div><div class="bounce3"></div></div></div></ref>