Home de Neandertal: Diferenzas entre revisións

Os rexistros fósiles de ''H. Nenderthalensis'' máis antigos son de hai cando menos 430 mil anos. Este rexistro e os estudos de [[Secuenciación do ADN|secuenciación xenómica]] indican que teñen cos ''H. sapiens'' un antecesor común do [[plistoceno]] medio, posiblemente ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''.<ref name="eol_HNeander" /><ref>[ http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/science-news/2016/february/earliest-evidence-humans-breeding-neanderthals.html#sthash.sEOSTQ3X.dpuf | Earliest evidence of modern humans breeding with Neanderthals. National History Museum, Reino Unido. 17 de febreiro de 2016]</ref><ref name="Kuhlwilm_2016">{{Cita publicación periódica| doi = 10.1038/nature16544| issn = 0028-0836| volume = 530| issue = 7591| pages = 429–433| last1 = Kuhlwilm| first1 = Martin| last2 = Gronau| first2 = Ilan| last3 = Hubisz| first3 = Melissa J.| last4 = de Filippo| first4 = Cesare| last5 = Prado-Martinez| first5 = Javier| last6 = Kircher| first6 = Martin| last7 = Fu| first7 = Qiaomei| last8 = Burbano| first8 = Hernán A.| last9 = Lalueza-Fox| first9 = Carles| last10 = de la Rasilla| first10 = Marco| last11 = Rosas| first11 = Antonio| last12 = Rudan| first12 = Pavao| last13 = Brajkovic| first13 = Dejana| last14 = Kucan| first14 = Željko| last15 = Gušic| first15 = Ivan| last16 = Marques-Bonet| first16 = Tomas| last17 = Andrés| first17 = Aida M.| last18 = Viola| first18 = Bence| last19 = Pääbo| first19 = Svante| last20 = Meyer| first20 = Matthias| last21 = Siepel| first21 = Adam| last22 = Castellano| first22 = Sergi| title = Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals| journal = Nature| accessdate = 2017-03-04| date = 2016-02-25| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7591/full/nature16544.html}}</ref> A secuenciación xenómica indicou que as poboacións de ''H. sapiens'' que saíron de [[África]] (isto é, a toda a poboación mundial actual agás a do [[África subsahariana|centro e sur de África]]) conservan un 2% do [[xenoma]] procedente de [[Reprodución sexual|reprodución]] cos neandertais. Isto tivo a súa orixe nun contacto entre as especies hai 60 mil anos, antes da expansión dos ''H. sapiens'' a [[Eurasia]].<ref name="eol_HNeander" /><ref name="NHM_inus">[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-neanderthal-in-us.html The Neanderthal in us. 17 de febreiro de 2016. National History Museum, Reino Unido.]</ref><ref name="Paixao_2013">{{Cita publicación periódica| issn = 1415-4757| volume = 35| issue = 4 Suppl| pages = 904–911| last1 = Paixao-Cortes| first1 = Vanessa Rodrigues| last2 = Viscardi| first2 = Lucas Henrique| last3 = Salzano| first3 = Francisco Mauro| last4 = Hunemeier| first4 = Tabita| last5 = Bortolini| first5 = Maria Catira| title = Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis and the Denisova specimen: New insights on their evolutionary histories using whole-genome comparisons| journal = Genetics and Molecular Biology| accessdate = 2013-09-04| date = 2012-12| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571422/| pmid = 23413113}}</ref><ref name="Pagani_2016">{{Cita publicación periódica| doi = 10.1038/nature19792| issn = 0028-0836| volume = advance online publication| last1 = Pagani| first1 = Luca| last2 = Lawson| first2 = Daniel John| last3 = Jagoda| first3 = Evelyn| last4 = Mörseburg| first4 = Alexander| last5 = Eriksson| first5 = Anders| last6 = Mitt| first6 = Mario| last7 = Clemente| first7 = Florian| last8 = Hudjashov| first8 = Georgi| last9 = DeGiorgio| first9 = Michael| last10 = Saag| first10 = Lauri| last11 = Wall| first11 = Jeffrey D.| last12 = Cardona| first12 = Alexia| last13 = Mägi| first13 = Reedik| last14 = Sayres| first14 = Melissa A. Wilson| last15 = Kaewert| first15 = Sarah| last16 = Inchley| first16 = Charlotte| last17 = Scheib| first17 = Christiana L.| last18 = Järve| first18 = Mari| last19 = Karmin| first19 = Monika| last20 = Jacobs| first20 = Guy S.| last21 = Antao| first21 = Tiago| last22 = Iliescu| first22 = Florin Mircea| last23 = Kushniarevich| first23 = Alena| last24 = Ayub| first24 = Qasim| last25 = Tyler-Smith| first25 = Chris| last26 = Xue| first26 = Yali| last27 = Yunusbayev| first27 = Bayazit| last28 = Tambets| first28 = Kristiina| last29 = Mallick| first29 = Chandana Basu| last30 = Saag| first30 = Lehti| last31 = Pocheshkhova| first31 = Elvira| last32 = Andriadze| first32 = George| last33 = Muller| first33 = Craig| last34 = Westaway| first34 = Michael C.| last35 = Lambert| first35 = David M.| last36 = Zoraqi| first36 = Grigor| last37 = Turdikulova| first37 = Shahlo| last38 = Dalimova| first38 = Dilbar| last39 = Sabitov| first39 = Zhaxylyk| last40 = Sultana| first40 = Gazi Nurun Nahar| last41 = Lachance| first41 = Joseph| last42 = Tishkoff| first42 = Sarah| last43 = Momynaliev| first43 = Kuvat| last44 = Isakova| first44 = Jainagul| last45 = Damba| first45 = Larisa D.| last46 = Gubina| first46 = Marina| last47 = Nymadawa| first47 = Pagbajabyn| last48 = Evseeva| first48 = Irina| last49 = Atramentova| first49 = Lubov| last50 = Utevska| first50 = Olga| last51 = Ricaut| first51 = François-Xavier| last52 = Brucato| first52 = Nicolas| last53 = Sudoyo| first53 = Herawati| last54 = Letellier| first54 = Thierry| last55 = Cox| first55 = Murray P.| last56 = Barashkov| first56 = Nikolay A.| last57 = Škaro| first57 = Vedrana| last58 = Mulahasanovic´| first58 = Lejla| last59 = Primorac| first59 = Dragan| last60 = Sahakyan| first60 = Hovhannes| last61 = Mormina| first61 = Maru| last62 = Eichstaedt| first62 = Christina A.| last63 = Lichman| first63 = Daria V.| last64 = Abdullah| first64 = Syafiq| last65 = Chaubey| first65 = Gyaneshwer| last66 = Wee| first66 = Joseph T. S.| last67 = Mihailov| first67 = Evelin| last68 = Karunas| first68 = Alexandra| last69 = Litvinov| first69 = Sergei| last70 = Khusainova| first70 = Rita| last71 = Ekomasova| first71 = Natalya| last72 = Akhmetova| first72 = Vita| last73 = Khidiyatova| first73 = Irina| last74 = Marjanović| first74 = Damir| last75 = Yepiskoposyan| first75 = Levon| last76 = Behar| first76 = Doron M.| last77 = Balanovska| first77 = Elena| last78 = Metspalu| first78 = Andres| last79 = Derenko| first79 = Miroslava| last80 = Malyarchuk| first80 = Boris| last81 = Voevoda| first81 = Mikhail| last82 = Fedorova| first82 = Sardana A.| last83 = Osipova| first83 = Ludmila P.| last84 = Lahr| first84 = Marta Mirazón| last85 = Gerbault| first85 = Pascale| last86 = Leavesley| first86 = Matthew| last87 = Migliano| first87 = Andrea Bamberg| last88 = Petraglia| first88 = Michael| last89 = Balanovsky| first89 = Oleg| last90 = Khusnutdinova| first90 = Elza K.| last91 = Metspalu| first91 = Ene| last92 = Thomas| first92 = Mark G.| last93 = Manica| first93 = Andrea| last94 = Nielsen| first94 = Rasmus| last95 = Villems| first95 = Richard| last96 = Willerslev| first96 = Eske| last97 = Kivisild| first97 = Toomas| last98 = Metspalu| first98 = Mait| title = Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia| journal = Nature| accessdate = 2016-09-22| date = 2016| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature19792.html}}</ref>

 

O nome da especie procede da rexión onde se atopou o primeiro xacemento [[fósil]], no [[século XIX]]. Foi no leste de [[Düsseldorf]], [[Alemaña]], na [[cova]] de Feldhofer, que está emprazada na ribeira do río [[Düssel]] no '''val de Neander''' (en alemán, "Neanderthal").<ref name="neader_toponimo">A val de Neader recibe ese nome polo poeta ermitaño [[Joachim Neander]], que viviu durante tempo nunha cova dese río. Trala súa morte déuselle ao río e ao val o seu nome. ''Tal'', ''Thal'' na norma ortográfica previa ao 1901, é a palabra do alemán para ''val''. Kunzig, Robert. [http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jan/theyearinscience1346 "The Year in Science: Human Origins 1997"], ''Discover'', 1 de xaneiro de 1998. (Reimpreso en ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6B37S4LW1MIC Contemporary Readings in Physical Anthropology]'', páx. 145 (Alan Almquist ed., Prentice Hall, 2000)</ref><ref name="nome_neanderthal">{{Cita publicación periódica |last1=Howell | first1=F. Clark |jstor=2816956 |title=The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of 'Neanderthal' man |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=32 | issue=4 | year=1957 | pages=330–47 | pmid=13506025 | doi=10.1086/401978}}</ref><ref>Foley, Tim. [[TalkOrigins Archive]]. "[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/spelling.html Neanderthal or Neandertal?]". 2005.</ref>