Taenia: Diferenzas entre revisións
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== Tratamento ==
O tratamento máis común é con [[praziquantel]] (PZQ).<ref name=dpd/>
== Diverxencia de ''Taenia'' en humanos ==
Iicialmente pensábase que os humanos adquiriran especies de ''Taenia'' (''T. solium'', ''T. asiatica'' e ''T. saginata'') despois da domesticación de grandes animais, aínda que a dieta omnívora e a busca de alimentos nos primeiros [[homínidos]] suxire que o contacto entre as ''Taenia'' ancestrais estableceuse antes da aparición dos humanos modernos e a [[agricultura]] avanzada. As probas indican a domesticación e animais polos humanos introduciu especies de ''Taenia'' en novos hóspedes intermediarios, como vacúns e porcinos.<ref name="Hoberg et al. 2001"/>
Morphological and molecular data suggest ''Taenia'' divergence as specialize human parasites has been directly associated with earlier hominids and prior to the existence of modern ''Homo sapiens''. Direct predator-prey relationships between humans and the original definitive and intermediate hosts of ''Taenia'' resulted in this [[host switch]]. Ecological evidence showed early [[hominids]] heavily preyed on one of the intermediate hosts, antelope, of ''Taenia'', thus resulting in earlier colonization by the parasite prior to mammalian domestication. The early hominids had an [[omnivore|omnivorous]] diet; they were hunters and scavengers. The abundance of antelope in sub-Saharan Africa savannah in the Late Pliocene resulted in a vast food resource for hominids and other carnivorous animals such as [[felids]], [[canids]], and [[hyaenids]].<ref name="Hoberg et al. 2001">{{cite journal|last1=Hoberg|first1=E. P.|last2=Alkire|first2=N. L.|last3=Queiroz|first3=A. D.|last4=Jones|first4=A. |year=2001 |title=Out of Africa: origins of the ''Taenia'' tapeworms in humans |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=268 |issue=1469 |pages=781–787| doi=10.1098/rspb.2000.1579 |pmid=11345321 |pmc=1088669}}</ref> Hominids who hunted antelopes or scavenged killed antelopes bridged the beginning of a host-parasite relationship between hominids and ''Taenia''. During this time, hominids may not have had the means of cooking their food. This would have greatly increased their chances of catching the cysticerci as a result of eating uncooked meat. Also, transmission of the parasite may have been enhanced by directly consuming the definitive host. Parasitological data support the foraging of antelope by ''Homo'' species during the Late Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. This corresponds to the initial contact of the ancestral ''Taenia'' and specialize into ''T. solium'', ''T. saginata'', and ''T. asiatica'', thus resulting in colonization of the early hominids as definitive hosts.
[[Host switch]]ing for ''Taenia'' is most prevalent among carnivores and less prevalent among herbivores through [[cospeciation]]. An excess of 50–60% of ''Taenia'' colonization occurs among carnivores — hyaenids, felids, and hominids.<ref name=Hoberg2006>{{cite journal|last1=Hoberg|first1=Eric P. |year=2006 |title=Phylogeny of ''Taenia'': Species definitions and origins of human parasites |journal=Parasitology International |volume=55 |pages=S23–S30 |doi=10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.049 |pmid=16371252|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259295 }}</ref> Acquisition of the parasite occurs more frequently among definitive hosts than among intermediate hosts.<ref name=Hoberg2006 /> Therefore, host switching likely could not have come from <!-- non-guild, --> cattle and pigs. The establishment of cattle and pigs as intermediate host by ''Taenia'' species is consequently due to the synanthropic relationship with humans. During the past 8,000–10,000 years, the colonization of respective ''Taenia'' species from humans to cattle and to swine was established.<ref name=Hoberg2006 /> In contrast, the colonization of ancestral ''Taenia'' onto the early hominids was established 1.0–2.5 million years ago.<ref name=Hoberg2006 /> It clearly shows the colonization of human ''Taenia'' antedates the domestication of mammals.
== Notas ==
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