Colombia: Diferenzas entre revisións
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[[Ficheiro:Colombia GDP by sector in 2017.png|miniatura|dereita|240px|PIB de Colombia por sector no ano 2017.]]
Historicamente unha economía agrícola, Colombia urbanizouse rapidamente no século XX, a finais do cal só o 15,8% dos traballadores do país estaban empregados na agricultura, xerando só o 6,6% do PIB; o 19,6% dos traballadores estaban empregados na industria e un 64,6% en servizos, sendo responsables do 33,4% e do 59,9% do PIB respectivamente.<ref name = "GDP Composition">{{cita web|url= http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=COL |editorial= worldbank.org |título= Agriculture, Industry, Services|dataacceso=24 de maio de 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url= http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/ilostat-home/home?_adf.ctrl-state=19bjkp4nom_96&_afrLoop=655651903358909#! |editorial= ilo.org |título= Employment distribution by economic activity (by sex)|dataacceso=24 de maio de 2017}}</ref> A [[Produción (economía)|produción económica]] do país está dominada pola súa forte demanda doméstica. O gasto en consumo dos fogares é o maior compoñente do PIB.<ref name = "GDPCOLOMBIA">{{cita web| url= http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/composicion-economia-colombiana-2015/214054 |editorial= dinero.com | título= ¿Cómo está compuesta la economía colombiana?|lingua= castelán|dataacceso=29 de setembro de 2015}}</ref><ref name = "GDP">{{cita web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf |publisher=dane.gov.co |título= Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) |lingua=castelán |dataacceso=16 de febreiro de 2018}}</ref><ref name ="Colombianeconomy"/>
Colombia's [[market economy]] grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a [[recession]] in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the [[Great Depression]]), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. However, in recent years growth has been impressive, reaching 6.9% in 2007, one of the [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|highest rates of growth]] in Latin America.<ref name="Colombia's GDP growth">{{cite web|url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|title= Colombia's GDP growth|publisher= World Bank|accessdate = 9 March 2014}}</ref> According to [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates, in 2012 Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$500 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|28th in the world]] and third in South America).
Total [[government expenditures]] account for 27.9 percent of the domestic economy. [[External debt]] equals 39.9 percent of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in [[bond ratings]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=GGX_NGDP&grp=0&a=|publisher= imf.org|title= General government total expenditure (Percent of GDP) |accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf|publisher= banrep.gov.co |title= Deuda Externa de Colombia|accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="heritage">{{cite web| url= http://www.heritage.org/index/country/colombia |publisher= heritage.org |title= Colombia – Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom|accessdate= 30 January 2015}}</ref> Annual [[inflation]] closed 2017 at 4.09% YoY (vs. 5.75% YoY in 2016).<ref name="Inflation Rate">{{cite web|url= http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/ipc|title= Colombia Inflation Rate|publisher= banrep.gov.co|accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref> The average national [[unemployment rate]] in 2017 was 9.4%,<ref name="Unemployment Rate">{{cite web|url= http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech/bol_empleo_dic_17.pdf|title= Colombia Unemployment Rate|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 31 January 2018}}</ref> although the informality is the biggest problem facing the [[labour market]] (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).<ref name="informal workers">{{cite web|url= http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|title= Incomes of informal workers grow less|publisher= portafolio.co|language = Spanish|accessdate = 19 December 2013}}</ref> Colombia has [[free-trade zone]] (FTZ),<ref name="FTZ">{{cite web|url= http://www.investincolombia.com.co/investment-incentives/permanent-free-trade-zone.html|title= Colombia's Permanent Free Trade Zones Directory|publisher= investincolombia.com.co|accessdate= 19 December 2013}}</ref> such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.<ref name="Zonas Francas">[http://www.zonafrancadelpacifico.com/ Zonas Francas]. zonafrancadelpacifico.com</ref>
The [[financial sector]] has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy.<ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement">{{cite web|url= http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |title = IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with Colombia |accessdate = 2 May 2018|publisher = imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|title= Informe de operaciones| accessdate= 9 March 2014|publisher = superfinanciera.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|title= Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera |accessdate= 9 March 2014|publisher = banrep.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref> The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] through the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]) offers a regional market to trade equities.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos |title = The Latin American Integrated Market (MILA)|accessdate = 14 March 2014|publisher = mercadomila.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm |title = Colombia's Colcap Index|accessdate = 9 March 2014|publisher = banrep.org|language = spanish}}</ref> Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |title = World Bank's 2017 Doing Business ranking|accessdate = 29 October 2016|publisher = doingbusiness.org}}</ref>
[[File:BVC Bogota.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] is part of the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]).<ref name="MILA">{{cite web|url= http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/mila-latin-americas-integrated-market/3586/|title= MILA: Latin America's integrated market|publisher= theworldfolio.com|accessdate= 20 May 2016}}</ref>]]
The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from [[Renewable energy|renewable energy sources]]. 69.93% is obtained from the [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric generation]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.siel.gov.co/Inicio/Generaci%C3%B3n/Estad%C3%ADsticasyvariablesdegeneraci%C3%B3n/tabid/115/Default.aspx|title = Colombian Electricity Market – Evolución Variables de Generación Diciembre de 2016|publisher = Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética de Colombia|language = spanish}}</ref> Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 ''Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)'', ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.<ref name=ggei>{{cite web|title=2014 Global Green Economy Index|url=http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf|publisher=Dual Citizen LLC|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref>
Colombia is rich in natural resources, and its main exports include mineral fuels, oils, [[distillation#Industrial distillation|distillation products]], fruit and other agricultural products, sugars and sugar confectionery, [[food products]], plastics, precious stones, metals, forest products, [[Chemical industry|chemical goods]], [[pharmaceuticals]], vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipments, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, [[textile]] and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, [[construction]] equipment, [[software]], among others.<ref name="ITC Colombia Exports">{{cite web|url = http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|title = International Trade Centre: Colombia Exports|accessdate = 15 April 2015|publisher = intracen.org|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170259/http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|archivedate = 13 April 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.<ref name="Exports">{{cite web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/bol_exp_dic17.pdf|title= Exports – partners|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 15 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Imports">{{cite web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/importaciones/bol_impo_dic17.pdf|title = Imports – partners|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 15 February 2018}}</ref>
Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new [[free trade agreements]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|title= Non-traditional exports|accessdate = 31 January 2014|publisher = mincit.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref>
In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population.<ref name="socio-economic policies"/> The Government has also been developing a process of [[financial inclusion]] within the country's most vulnerable population.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/storage/documents/EIU_Microscope_2016_English_web.pdf|title= Colombia and Peru demonstrate the most conducive environments for financial inclusion|publisher= 2016 Global Microscope on Financial Inclusion – The Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref>
Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|title= Colombia: making many millionaires|accessdate= 29 March 2014|work= Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |title=País de ricos |accessdate=8 April 2013 |publisher=dinero.com |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100504/http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |archivedate=29 March 2014 }}</ref>
The contribution of [[Tourism in Colombia|Travel & Tourism]] to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf|title = The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017|page = 130|publisher= World Economic Forum}}</ref> Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 4 million in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876|title= UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition|publisher= unwto.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|title= La OMT destaca crecimiento del turismo en Colombia en los últimos diez años|publisher= lainformacion.com|date= 25 June 2014|language= spanish|access-date= 25 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140711233513/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|archive-date= 11 July 2014|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Colombia}}
[[File:Colciencias 271215.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[COLCIENCIAS]] is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.]]
Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf|title= research groups in science and technology|language= es |publisher= colciencias.gov.co |accessdate= 9 May 2016}}</ref> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions like Apps.co provide. Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small.<ref name="venturebeat.com">{{cite web| url= https://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |publisher= venturebeat.com |title= entrepreneurship and innovation in Colombia|accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://apps.co/ |title = Colombia Startups|publisher= apps.co|language= Spanish | accessdate= 14 February 2014}}</ref> Organizations such as the Corporation for Biological Research (CIB) for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|title = Corporation for Biological Research (CIB)|publisher= cib.org.co|language= Spanish | accessdate= 28 October 2013}}</ref> The International Center for Tropical Agriculture based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of [[global warming]] and [[food security]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ciat.cgiar.org/|title = International Center for Tropical Agriculture |accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref>
Important inventions related to the medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes]], invented by the electronics engineer [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]], invention of great importance for those who suffer from [[heart failure]]. Also invented in Colombia were the [[microkeratome]] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as [[LASIK]] (one of the most important techniques for the correction of [[refractive error]]s of vision) and the [[Salomón Hakim#The Invention of the valve|Hakim valve]] for the treatment of [[Hydrocephalus]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|title = Inventos colombianos|publisher= 20minutos.es|language = Spanish|accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, [[military robot]]s, [[bomb]]s, simulators and radar.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage |title = Colombian military industry markets weapons and technology on international stage |publisher= dialogo-americas.com|accessdate= 16 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/05/03/colombia-to-sell-military-hardware-abroad|title = Colombia to sell military hardware abroad |publisher= cctv-america.com|accessdate= 9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|title= Robots antiexplosivos|publisher= historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co|accessdate= 9 May 2016|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160509183603/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|archivedate= 9 May 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the [[genetic diversity]] of food, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo who is known for his groundbreaking work on [[synthetic vaccine]]s for [[malaria]], Francisco Lopera who discovered the "Paisa Mutation" or a type of [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]],<ref name="Francisco Lopera">{{cite web|url= http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|publisher= udea.edu.co|title= Beyond Alzheimer's: the "Paisa Mutation"|accessdate= 1 October 2013|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012618/http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|archivedate= 5 October 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rodolfo Llinás]] known for his study of the intrinsic [[neuron]]s properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of [[synthetic substance]]s which can be used to fight [[fungus]], [[tumor]]s, [[tuberculosis]] and even some [[virus]]es and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by the ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]'', among other [[scientist]]s.<ref name="Científicos colombianos">{{cite web|url= http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|title= Científicos colombianos|publisher= cienciagora.com.co|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language= Spanish|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200254/http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|archive-date= 29 October 2013|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="brillantes colombianos">{{cite web|url= http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|title= científicos del país más consultados|publisher= portal.redcolombiana.com|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language= Spanish|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201546/http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|archivedate= 29 October 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Científicos destacados">{{cite web| url= http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909 |title= Estos son los científicos colombianos más destacados en el último lustro|publisher= eltiempo.com|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language = Spanish}}</ref>
=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Transport in Colombia}}
[[File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Port of [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]].]]
Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the [[Ministry of Transport (Colombia)|Ministry of Transport]]<ref name="MTransport">{{cite web |url= https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|title= Ministry of Transport |publisher = mintransporte.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> and entities such as the National Roads Institute ([[INVÍAS]]) responsible for the [[Highways in Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|title= INVÍAS – Objectives and Functions|publisher = invias.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the [[Aerocivil]], responsible for civil aviation and [[List of airports in Colombia|airports]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|title= Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes|publisher = aerocivil.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the [[National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)|National Infrastructure Agency]], in charge of [[concession (contract)|concessions]] through [[public–private partnership]]s, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|title= ANI – Objectives and Functions|publisher = ani.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|title= the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar)|publisher= dimar.mil.co |accessdate= 9 March 2014}}</ref> among others and under the supervision of the [[Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)|Superintendency of Ports and Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones |title= Superintendency of Ports and Transport- Objectives and Functions|publisher= supertransporte.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> The road network in Colombia has a length of about 215,000 km of which 23,000 are paved.<ref name = "transporte">Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia</ref> [[Rail transport in Colombia|Rail transportation]] in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]] and the railway network has a length of 1,700 km of potentially active rails.<ref name = "transporte"/> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of [[oil pipelines]], and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<ref name = "transporte"/>
The target of Colombia's government is to build 7,000 km of roads for the 2016–2020 period and reduce travel times by 30 per cent and transport costs by 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50bn in transport infrastructure, including: railway systems; making the [[Magdalena river]] navigable again; improving port facilities; as well as an expansion of [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá's airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html|title= Ambitious plans to transform Colombia|work= Financial Times|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref>
== Demografía ==
|