Colombia: Diferenzas entre revisións

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[[Ficheiro:Colombia GDP by sector in 2017.png|miniatura|dereita|240px|PIB de Colombia por sector no ano 2017.]]
Historicamente unha economía agrícola, Colombia urbanizouse rapidamente no século XX, a finais do cal só o 15,8% dos traballadores do país estaban empregados na agricultura, xerando só o 6,6% do PIB; o 19,6% dos traballadores estaban empregados na industria e un 64,6% en servizos, sendo responsables do 33,4% e do 59,9% do PIB respectivamente.<ref name = "GDP Composition">{{cita web|url= http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=COL |editorial= worldbank.org |título= Agriculture, Industry, Services|dataacceso=24 de maio de 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url= http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/ilostat-home/home?_adf.ctrl-state=19bjkp4nom_96&_afrLoop=655651903358909#! |editorial= ilo.org |título= Employment distribution by economic activity (by sex)|dataacceso=24 de maio de 2017}}</ref> A [[Produción (economía)|produción económica]] do país está dominada pola súa forte demanda doméstica. O gasto en consumo dos fogares é o maior compoñente do PIB.<ref name = "GDPCOLOMBIA">{{cita web| url= http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/composicion-economia-colombiana-2015/214054 |editorial= dinero.com | título= ¿Cómo está compuesta la economía colombiana?|lingua= castelán|dataacceso=29 de setembro de 2015}}</ref><ref name = "GDP">{{cita web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf |publisher=dane.gov.co |título= Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) |lingua=castelán |dataacceso=16 de febreiro de 2018}}</ref><ref name ="Colombianeconomy"/>
 
Colombia's [[market economy]] grew steadily in the latter part of the 20th century, with gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an average rate of over 4% per year between 1970 and 1998. The country suffered a [[recession]] in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since the [[Great Depression]]), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. However, in recent years growth has been impressive, reaching 6.9% in 2007, one of the [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|highest rates of growth]] in Latin America.<ref name="Colombia's GDP growth">{{cite web|url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|title= Colombia's GDP growth|publisher= World Bank|accessdate = 9 March 2014}}</ref> According to [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates, in 2012 Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$500&nbsp;billion ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|28th in the world]] and third in South America).
 
Total [[government expenditures]] account for 27.9 percent of the domestic economy. [[External debt]] equals 39.9 percent of gross domestic product. A strong fiscal climate was reaffirmed by a boost in [[bond ratings]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=GGX_NGDP&grp=0&a=|publisher= imf.org|title= General government total expenditure (Percent of GDP) |accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf|publisher= banrep.gov.co |title= Deuda Externa de Colombia|accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="heritage">{{cite web| url= http://www.heritage.org/index/country/colombia |publisher= heritage.org |title= Colombia – Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom|accessdate= 30 January 2015}}</ref> Annual [[inflation]] closed 2017 at 4.09% YoY (vs. 5.75% YoY in 2016).<ref name="Inflation Rate">{{cite web|url= http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/ipc|title= Colombia Inflation Rate|publisher= banrep.gov.co|accessdate= 15 January 2018}}</ref> The average national [[unemployment rate]] in 2017 was 9.4%,<ref name="Unemployment Rate">{{cite web|url= http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech/bol_empleo_dic_17.pdf|title= Colombia Unemployment Rate|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 31 January 2018}}</ref> although the informality is the biggest problem facing the [[labour market]] (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).<ref name="informal workers">{{cite web|url= http://www.portafolio.co/economia/ingresos-trabajadores-informales-colombia|title= Incomes of informal workers grow less|publisher= portafolio.co|language = Spanish|accessdate = 19 December 2013}}</ref> Colombia has [[free-trade zone]] (FTZ),<ref name="FTZ">{{cite web|url= http://www.investincolombia.com.co/investment-incentives/permanent-free-trade-zone.html|title= Colombia's Permanent Free Trade Zones Directory|publisher= investincolombia.com.co|accessdate= 19 December 2013}}</ref> such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.<ref name="Zonas Francas">[http://www.zonafrancadelpacifico.com/ Zonas Francas]. zonafrancadelpacifico.com</ref>
 
The [[financial sector]] has grown favorably due to good liquidity in the economy, the growth of credit and the positive performance of the Colombian economy.<ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement">{{cite web|url= http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia |title = IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with Colombia |accessdate = 2 May 2018|publisher = imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/jsp/loader.jsf?lServicio=Publicaciones&lTipo=publicaciones&lFuncion=loadContenidoPublicacion&id=61066|title= Informe de operaciones| accessdate= 9 March 2014|publisher = superfinanciera.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.banrep.gov.co/reporte-estabilidad-financiera|title= Reporte de Estabilidad Financiera |accessdate= 9 March 2014|publisher = banrep.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref> The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] through the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]) offers a regional market to trade equities.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mercadomila.com/QuienesSomos |title = The Latin American Integrated Market (MILA)|accessdate = 14 March 2014|publisher = mercadomila.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.banrep.org/series-estadisticas/see_m_bursatil.htm |title = Colombia's Colcap Index|accessdate = 9 March 2014|publisher = banrep.org|language = spanish}}</ref> Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB17-Report.pdf |title = World Bank's 2017 Doing Business ranking|accessdate = 29 October 2016|publisher = doingbusiness.org}}</ref>
[[File:BVC Bogota.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[Colombian Stock Exchange]] is part of the Latin American Integrated Market ([[Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano|MILA]]).<ref name="MILA">{{cite web|url= http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/mila-latin-americas-integrated-market/3586/|title= MILA: Latin America's integrated market|publisher= theworldfolio.com|accessdate= 20 May 2016}}</ref>]]
The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from [[Renewable energy|renewable energy sources]]. 69.93% is obtained from the [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric generation]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.siel.gov.co/Inicio/Generaci%C3%B3n/Estad%C3%ADsticasyvariablesdegeneraci%C3%B3n/tabid/115/Default.aspx|title = Colombian Electricity Market – Evolución Variables de Generación Diciembre de 2016|publisher = Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética de Colombia|language = spanish}}</ref> Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 ''Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)'', ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.<ref name=ggei>{{cite web|title=2014 Global Green Economy Index|url=http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf|publisher=Dual Citizen LLC|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref>
 
Colombia is rich in natural resources, and its main exports include mineral fuels, oils, [[distillation#Industrial distillation|distillation products]], fruit and other agricultural products, sugars and sugar confectionery, [[food products]], plastics, precious stones, metals, forest products, [[Chemical industry|chemical goods]], [[pharmaceuticals]], vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipments, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, [[textile]] and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, [[construction]] equipment, [[software]], among others.<ref name="ITC Colombia Exports">{{cite web|url = http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|title = International Trade Centre: Colombia Exports|accessdate = 15 April 2015|publisher = intracen.org|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413170259/http://legacy.intracen.org/appli1/TradeCom/TP_EP_CI.aspx?RP=170&YR=2013|archivedate = 13 April 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.<ref name="Exports">{{cite web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/bol_exp_dic17.pdf|title= Exports – partners|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 15 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Imports">{{cite web|url= https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/importaciones/bol_impo_dic17.pdf|title = Imports – partners|publisher= dane.gov.co|accessdate = 15 February 2018}}</ref>
 
Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new [[free trade agreements]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=4930|title= Non-traditional exports|accessdate = 31 January 2014|publisher = mincit.gov.co|language = spanish}}</ref>
 
In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population.<ref name="socio-economic policies"/> The Government has also been developing a process of [[financial inclusion]] within the country's most vulnerable population.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/storage/documents/EIU_Microscope_2016_English_web.pdf|title= Colombia and Peru demonstrate the most conducive environments for financial inclusion|publisher= 2016 Global Microscope on Financial Inclusion – The Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref>
 
Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/|title= Colombia: making many millionaires|accessdate= 29 March 2014|work= Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |title=País de ricos |accessdate=8 April 2013 |publisher=dinero.com |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329100504/http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/negocios/articulo/pais-ricos/163667 |archivedate=29 March 2014 }}</ref>
 
The contribution of [[Tourism in Colombia|Travel & Tourism]] to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf|title = The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017|page = 130|publisher= World Economic Forum}}</ref> Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6&nbsp;million in 2007 to 4&nbsp;million in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876|title= UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition|publisher= unwto.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|title= La OMT destaca crecimiento del turismo en Colombia en los últimos diez años|publisher= lainformacion.com|date= 25 June 2014|language= spanish|access-date= 25 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140711233513/http://noticias.lainformacion.com/economia-negocios-y-finanzas/turismo-y-tiempo-libre/la-omt-destaca-crecimiento-del-turismo-en-colombia-en-los-ultimos-diez-anos_Qf0PXwFP6sbVhdnrGcFoe3/|archive-date= 11 July 2014|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
 
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Colombia}}
[[File:Colciencias 271215.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[COLCIENCIAS]] is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.]]
Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.colciencias.gov.co/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/informes-anal-2014.pdf|title= research groups in science and technology|language= es |publisher= colciencias.gov.co |accessdate= 9 May 2016}}</ref> iNNpulsa, a government body that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in the country, provides grants to startups, in addition to other services it and institutions like Apps.co provide. Co-working spaces have arisen to serve as communities for startups large and small.<ref name="venturebeat.com">{{cite web| url= https://venturebeat.com/2013/09/29/the-silicon-valleys-of-latin-america-a-tale-of-3-nations/ |publisher= venturebeat.com |title= entrepreneurship and innovation in Colombia|accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://apps.co/ |title = Colombia Startups|publisher= apps.co|language= Spanish | accessdate= 14 February 2014}}</ref> Organizations such as the Corporation for Biological Research (CIB) for the support of young people interested in scientific work has been successfully developed in Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cib.org.co/quienes-somos/|title = Corporation for Biological Research (CIB)|publisher= cib.org.co|language= Spanish | accessdate= 28 October 2013}}</ref> The International Center for Tropical Agriculture based in Colombia investigates the increasing challenge of [[global warming]] and [[food security]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ciat.cgiar.org/|title = International Center for Tropical Agriculture |accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref>
 
Important inventions related to the medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes]], invented by the electronics engineer [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]], invention of great importance for those who suffer from [[heart failure]]. Also invented in Colombia were the [[microkeratome]] and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as [[LASIK]] (one of the most important techniques for the correction of [[refractive error]]s of vision) and the [[Salomón Hakim#The Invention of the valve|Hakim valve]] for the treatment of [[Hydrocephalus]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/mejores-inventos-colombianos-320000/|title = Inventos colombianos|publisher= 20minutos.es|language = Spanish|accessdate= 1 October 2013}}</ref> Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, [[military robot]]s, [[bomb]]s, simulators and radar.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/colombian-military-industry-markets-weapons-and-technology-international-stage |title = Colombian military industry markets weapons and technology on international stage |publisher= dialogo-americas.com|accessdate= 16 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cctv-america.com/2016/05/03/colombia-to-sell-military-hardware-abroad|title = Colombia to sell military hardware abroad |publisher= cctv-america.com|accessdate= 9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|title= Robots antiexplosivos|publisher= historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co|accessdate= 9 May 2016|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160509183603/http://historico.unperiodico.unal.edu.co/ediciones/103/08.html|archivedate= 9 May 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
 
Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the [[genetic diversity]] of food, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo who is known for his groundbreaking work on [[synthetic vaccine]]s for [[malaria]], Francisco Lopera who discovered the "Paisa Mutation" or a type of [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early-onset Alzheimer's]],<ref name="Francisco Lopera">{{cite web|url= http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|publisher= udea.edu.co|title= Beyond Alzheimer's: the "Paisa Mutation"|accessdate= 1 October 2013|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012618/http://www.udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/bActualidad/Principal_UdeA/News/Tab/AEF4F8549743CF0AE04018C8341F754F|archivedate= 5 October 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rodolfo Llinás]] known for his study of the intrinsic [[neuron]]s properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding the functioning of the brain, Jairo Quiroga Puello recognized for his studies on the characterization of [[synthetic substance]]s which can be used to fight [[fungus]], [[tumor]]s, [[tuberculosis]] and even some [[virus]]es and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by the ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]'', among other [[scientist]]s.<ref name="Científicos colombianos">{{cite web|url= http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|title= Científicos colombianos|publisher= cienciagora.com.co|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language= Spanish|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200254/http://cienciagora.com.co/galeria_de_cientificos.html|archive-date= 29 October 2013|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="brillantes colombianos">{{cite web|url= http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|title= científicos del país más consultados|publisher= portal.redcolombiana.com|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language= Spanish|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201546/http://portal.redcolombiana.com/foros/estos-son-los-8-cientificos-del-pais-mas-consultad|archivedate= 29 October 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Científicos destacados">{{cite web| url= http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6672909 |title= Estos son los científicos colombianos más destacados en el último lustro|publisher= eltiempo.com|accessdate= 28 October 2013|language = Spanish}}</ref>
 
=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Transport in Colombia}}
[[File:Cartagena2011-Skyline-Habour.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Port of [[Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena]].]]
Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the [[Ministry of Transport (Colombia)|Ministry of Transport]]<ref name="MTransport">{{cite web |url= https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones.php?id=33|title= Ministry of Transport |publisher = mintransporte.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> and entities such as the National Roads Institute ([[INVÍAS]]) responsible for the [[Highways in Colombia]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.invias.gov.co/index.php/informacion-institucional/objetivos-y-funciones|title= INVÍAS – Objectives and Functions|publisher = invias.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the [[Aerocivil]], responsible for civil aviation and [[List of airports in Colombia|airports]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aerocivil.gov.co/aerocivil/funciones|title= Aerocivil – Funciones y Deberes|publisher = aerocivil.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the [[National Infrastructure Agency (Colombia)|National Infrastructure Agency]], in charge of [[concession (contract)|concessions]] through [[public–private partnership]]s, for the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and administration of the transport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ani.gov.co/informacion-de-la-ani/quienes-somos|title= ANI – Objectives and Functions|publisher = ani.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar) has the responsibility of coordinating maritime traffic control along with the Colombian Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dimar.mil.co/en/content/roles-and-responsibilities|title= the General Maritime Directorate (Dimar)|publisher= dimar.mil.co |accessdate= 9 March 2014}}</ref> among others and under the supervision of the [[Superintendency of Ports and Transport (Colombia)|Superintendency of Ports and Transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.supertransporte.gov.co/index.php/la-entidad/objetivos-y-funciones |title= Superintendency of Ports and Transport- Objectives and Functions|publisher= supertransporte.gov.co|language = Spanish|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref> The road network in Colombia has a length of about 215,000&nbsp;km of which 23,000 are paved.<ref name = "transporte">Champin, J., Cortés, R., Kohon, J., & Rodríguez, M. (2016). Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia</ref> [[Rail transport in Colombia|Rail transportation]] in Colombia is dedicated almost entirely to [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]] and the railway network has a length of 1,700&nbsp;km of potentially active rails.<ref name = "transporte"/> Colombia has 3,960 kilometers of gas pipelines, 4,900 kilometers of [[oil pipelines]], and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.<ref name = "transporte"/>
 
The target of Colombia's government is to build 7,000&nbsp;km of roads for the 2016–2020 period and reduce travel times by 30 per cent and transport costs by 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50bn in transport infrastructure, including: railway systems; making the [[Magdalena river]] navigable again; improving port facilities; as well as an expansion of [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá's airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc5d5fe6-668d-11e4-8bf6-00144feabdc0.html|title= Ambitious plans to transform Colombia|work= Financial Times|accessdate= 27 November 2014}}</ref>
 
== Demografía ==