Lithobates catesbeianus: Diferenzas entre revisións

TheO factfeito thatde theque catcho mechanismmecanismo reliesde oncaptura elasticdependa structuresde usedestruturas aselásticas powerusadas amplifierscomo impliesamplificadores ade seriespotencia ofimplica conditionsunha muchserie convenientde forcondicións themoi bullfrogconvenientes para a ra touro. A [[Sonomicrometrysonomicrometría]] ande os rexistos [[Electromyographyelectromiografía|electromyographic recordingselectromiográficos]] ofdo themúsculo plantarisplantar musclecorroboran unha relación corroborateentre a relationshippresenza betweende presenceunidades of musclemúsculo-tendontendón unitse and decreasing, variablea [[Gearing ratio|gearing]] variable en diminución.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Thomas J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Richard L.|date=2003-08-01|title=Probing the limits to muscle-powered accelerations: lessons from jumping bullfrogs|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=206|issue=15|pages=2567–2580|doi=10.1242/jeb.00452|pmid=12819264}}</ref> ByAo supplyingsubministrar additionalsaída workde outputtraballo throughadicional theao couplingacoplar ofa elasticenerxía strainde energytensión elástica, elasticas structuresestruturas relieveelásticas thealivian musculaturea frommusculatura theda neednecesidade ofde shorteningacurtarse ata velocitiesvelocidades thatque woulddoutro otherwisemodo hinderdificultaría thea amountcantidade ofde forceforza generatedxerada, thusasí thea magnitude ofde saída powerde outputpotencia. ThisIsto isengádese alsotamén aidedpor byun agearing decreasingen gearingdiminución, whicho makescal itfai possibleposible forque thea bullfrogra totouro generatexere thea desiredvelocidade velocitydesexada ofde movementmovemento byaliviando relievingo theplantar plantarisde fromvelocidades strenuousde shorteningacurtamento velocitiesextenuantes, achievingatinguindo thea velocityvelocidade desireddesexada bypor slower,contraccións forcefulforzosamente contractionsmási lentas. AsComo inno thecaso caseda ofproxección itsbalística [[Ballistics|ballisticda tongue projection]]lingua, elasticestruturas structureselásticas inno themúsculo plantaris muscleplantario alsotamén conferlle itconfire thermalindependencia independencetermal. JumpingA peaksaída powerde outputpotencia anddo mechanicalpico efficiencyde ofsalto high-elevatione frogsa ofeficiencia themecánica de ras de alta elevación dos generaxéneros ''[[Hyla]]'', ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]'',''[[Colostethus]]'', ande ''[[Atelopus]],'' whichque achieveconsegue theseisto ata temperaturestemperaturas asde low assó 5&nbsp;°C, arenon notson statisticallyestatisticamente differentdiferentes fromdos thoseque achievedatinguen bysapos tropicaltropicais do xénero ''[[Bufo]]'' frogs ata 35&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=James|first=Rob S.|last2=Navas|first2=Carlos A.|last3=Herrel|first3=Anthony|date=2007-03-15|title=How important are skeletal muscle mechanics in setting limits on jumping performance?|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=210|issue=6|pages=923–933|doi=10.1242/jeb.02731|pmid=17337705}}</ref>

[[FileFicheiro:Gator with bullfrog at Lake Woodruff - Flickr - Andrea Westmoreland.jpg|thumbminiatura|Alligator[[Alligatror feedingmississippiensis|Aligátor]] onalimentándose adunha bullfrogra touro.]]

BullfrogsOs are''L. ancatesbeianus'' importantson itemunha ofimportante preypresa topara manymoitas birdsaves (especiallyespecialmente largeas [[herongarza]]s grandes), [[Northa Americanlondra river otter]]s (''[[Lontra canadensis]]''), predatorypeixes fish,predadores ande occasionallyocasionalmente otheroutros amphibiansanfibios. PredatorsOs ofpredadores Americande bullfrogs''L. oncecatesbeianus'' inadultos theirpoden adultser stagesdesde canpequenos rangemartiños frompeixeiros {{convert|150|g|oz|abbr=on}}como ''[[beltedMegaceryle kingfisheralcyon]]s (''Megaceryle alcyon'')aos toenormes 1,100 poundaligátores ''[[AmericanAlligator alligatormississippiensis]]s (''Alligator mississippiensis'').<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Murray, B. G. |author2=Jehl, J. R. |year= 1964|title=Weight of autumn migrants from coastal New Jersey|journal= Bird-Banding |volume=35|issue=4|url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/49837|pages=253–63|jstor=4511101 |doi=10.2307/4511101}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Alligator_mississippiensis |title=American Alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') longevity, ageing, and life history |publisher=The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database |accessdate=2014-02-06}}</ref> TheOs eggsovos ande larvaelarvas areson unpalatableincomestibles topara manymoitas [[salamanderpíntega]]s ande [[fishpeixes]], butpero theos highaltos levelsniveis ofde activityactividade ofdos thecágados tadpolespoden mayfacelos makemáis themvisibles moreaos noticeablepredadores toque anon predatorse notdisuaden deterredpolo byseu theirmal unpleasant tastesabor. HumansOs hunthumanos bullfrogscazan asestas [[Gameras (food)|game]]para andcomer consume theiras legsancas. AdultAs frogsras tryadultas totratan escapede byescapar splashingsaltando anda leapingaugas into deep waterprofundas. AUn trappedindividuo individualatrapado maypode squawkemitir orun emitchío a piercing screamagudo, whichque maypode surprisesorprender theao attackeratacante sufficientlyo forsuficiente thepara frog toque escape. Ana attackra. onUn oneataque bullfroga isunha likelyra totouro alerté othersprobable inque thealerte vicinitya tooutras dangerna andveciñanza theydo willperigo alle retreatespacarán intoá theseguridade safety ofde deeperaugas waterprofundas. BullfrogsAs mayras betouro atpoden leastser partiallypolo resistantmenos toparcialmente theresistentes ao [[venomveleno]] ofdas copperheadserpes (''[[Agkistrodon contortrix]]'') ande cottonmouth (''[[Agkistrodon piscivorus]]'') snakes, thoughaínda theseque speciesestas areespecies knownson naturalpredadores predatorsnaturais ofsúas, como bullfrogstamén as aresderpes ''[[northernNerodia water snakesipedon]]s (''Nerodia sipedon'').<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref>[[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant, Roger]]. (1975). ''A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition''. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Ryan, M. J. |year=1980|title=The reproductive behavior of the bullfrog (''Rana catesbeiana'')|journal=Copeia |volume=1980|number=1|pages= 108–114|url=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/ryan/Publications/1980-82/1980Copeia108.pdf|doi=10.2307/1444139|jstor=1444139}}</ref>