|
NO BORRAR LO DE ARRIBA, ES LA CABECERA DE LA PÁGINA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Elizabeth I
| image=Darnley_stage_3.jpg |caption=The "Darnley Portrait" of Elizabeth I ({{c.|1575}})
| succession = [[List of English monarchs|Queen of England]] and [[List of Irish monarchs|Ireland]]
| moretext = ([[Style of the English sovereigns|more...]])
| reign = 17 November 1558 – <br>24 March 1603
| coronation = 15 January 1559
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I|Coronation]]
| predecessor = [[Mary I]] and [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]]
| pre-type = Predecessors
| successor = [[James I]]
| house = [[House of Tudor|Tudor]]
| father=[[Henry VIII of England]] |mother=[[Anne Boleyn]]
| birth_date=7 September 1533 |birth_place=[[Palace of Placentia]], [[Greenwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date=24 March 1603 (aged 69)
|death_place=[[Richmond Palace]], [[Surrey]], England
|burial_date=28 April 1603
|burial_place=[[Westminster Abbey]]
| signature = Autograph of Elizabeth I of England.svg
| religion = [[Anglican]]
}}
'''Elizabeth I''' (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)<ref>Dates in this article [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|before 14 September 1752]] are in the [[Julian calendar]] and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life.</ref> was [[List of English monarchs|Queen of England]] and [[Monarchy of Ireland|Ireland]] from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called '''The Virgin Queen''', '''Gloriana''' or '''Good Queen Bess''', Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the [[House of Tudor]].
Elizabeth was the daughter of [[Henry VIII]] and [[Anne Boleyn]], his second wife, who was executed two-and-a-half years after Elizabeth's birth. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, [[Edward VI]], ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to [[Lady Jane Grey]] and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, Elizabeth and the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Mary I of England|Mary]], in spite of [[Third Succession Act|statute law to the contrary]]. Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
In 1558 upon Mary's death, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.<ref>"I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel." Elizabeth's first speech as queen, [[Hatfield House]], 20 November 1558. Loades, 35.</ref> She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley]]. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the [[Supreme Governor]]. This [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]] was to evolve into the [[Church of England]]. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; she never did, despite numerous courtships. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, [[James VI of Scotland]]. She had earlier been responsible for the imprisonment and execution of James's mother, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]].
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been.<ref name="starkey5">Starkey ''Elizabeth: Woman'', 5.</ref> One of her mottoes was "''video et taceo''" ("I see but say nothing").<ref>Neale, 386.</ref> In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope [[Regnans in Excelsis|declared her illegitimate]] in 1570 and released her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|war with Spain]]. England's defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history.
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her [[virginity]]. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the [[Elizabethan era]]. The period is famous for the flourishing of [[English Renaissance theatre|English drama]], led by playwrights such as [[William Shakespeare]] and [[Christopher Marlowe]], and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as [[Francis Drake]]. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,<ref>Somerset, 729.</ref> who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.<ref name=starkey5/>
== Early life ==
[[File:Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.png|thumb|left|Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth.]]
| 