Pobo lenape: Diferenzas entre revisións
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{{Pobo|group=Lenni Lenape}}
Os '''lenape''' also called the '''Lenni Lenape''' and the '''Delaware''',<ref name="AmHeritageBk">
{{cite encyclopedia |year=1961 |encyclopedia=,|location= |id=
|title=The American Heritage Book of Indians
|author=Editor: Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., by The editors of American Heritage Magazine
|editor=pages 180-211|publisher=American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc.
|lccn=61-14871
|quote=
}}</ref> are an [[indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands]], who live in Canada and the United States.<ref name=p422/> They are also called '''Delaware Indians'''<ref name=josephy/> and their historical territory included present-day [[New Jersey]] and eastern [[Pennsylvania]] along the [[Delaware River]] [[drainage basin|watershed]], [[History of New York City (prehistory–1664)|New York City]], western [[Long Island]], and the [[Lower Hudson Valley]].<ref name="description" group="notes" />
Lenape [[kinship]] system has [[matrilineal]] clans, that is, children belong to their mother's clan, from which they gain social status and identity. The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the subsistence needs of their extended families. Families were [[matrilocal]]; newlywed couples would live with the bride's family, where her mother and sisters could also assist her with her growing family.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/>
During the [[Beaver Wars]] in the first half of the 17th century, European colonists were careful to keep firearms from the coastally located Delaware,<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> while rival [[Iroquoian]] peoples such as the [[Susquehannock]]s and [[Iroquois|Confederation of the Iroquois]] became comparatively well armed.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/>{{efn|
Both the Iroquois and Susquehannocks had trade relations with Europeans and access to extensive river systems hosting beaver colonies—the most coveted furs for Europeans. This gave them access to firearms and made them militarily powerful. For example, over a decade, the Susquehannocks, who'd allied with [[New Sweden|Swedish Colonists]], fought a declared war with the [[Province of Maryland]]. By mid-century, they'd subjected the Delaware and so well armed they were much feared by surrounding tribes.
}} Subsequently, the Lenape became subjugated and made tributary to first the Susquehannocks, then the Iroquois, even needing their rivals' (superiors') agreement to initiate treaties such as land sales.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> Like most tribes, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, mainly [[smallpox]] but also cholera, influenza and dysentery, and recurrent violent racial conflict with Europeans. [[Iroquoian people]]s occasionally fought the Lenape. As the 18th century progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west—into the (relatively empty){{efn
|The European explorers, traders and missionary penetrating past the Alleghenies in the mid-17th century all report the [[Ohio Country]] to be uninhabited, perhaps shared hunting territories.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> As the Beaver Wars progressed, it is known that Iroquois war parties entered the area, and the confederation later claimed the lands as hunting territories.<ref name="AmHeritageBk"/> Why they were empty in the earlier days, if they were instead made empty by the wars or the degree of participation by the Erie Peoples and Susquehannocks (relatives of the Iroquois) is unknown but suspected.
}} upper [[Ohio River]] basin.
During the decades of the 18th century, most Lenape were pushed out of their homeland by expanding European colonies. Their dire situation was exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts.<ref name=josephy/> The divisions and troubles of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and United States' independence pushed them farther west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the [[eastern United States]] to the [[Indian Territory]] (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the [[Indian removal]] policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of [[Oklahoma]], with some communities living also in [[Wisconsin]], [[Ontario]] (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
== Notas ==
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