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As '''toxinas''' (do [[Lingua grega|grego]] τοξικόν ''toxikon'') son substancias [[veleno]]sas producidas por [[célula]]s de [[Ser vivo|organismos vivos]].<ref name="urltoxin_merrian">{{citeCita web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toxin |title=toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |work= |accessdate=12 setembro 2016}}</ref><ref name="rag">{{Cita web |url= http://academia.gal/dicionario/#searchNoun.do?current_page=1&nounTitle=toxina |título= toxina, RAG |autor= Real Academia Galega |data= 12 de setembro de 2016 |páxina-web= www.academia.gal/dicionario/ |editor= RAG |dataacceso= 12 de setembro de 2016}}</ref> As toxinas non inclúen a velenos producidos sinteticamente. O termo empregouno por primeira vez o químico [[Ludwig Brieger]] ([[1849]]–[[1919]]).
As toxinas poden ser aquelas pequenas [[molécula]]s, [[péptido]]s ou [[proteína]]s que causen [[enfermidade]]s por contacto con ou por absorción nos tecidos corporais e que interactúen con [[macromolécula]]s biolóxicas, como [[enzima]]s ou receptores celulares. As toxinas varían amplamente na súa capacidade de toxicidade. Van desde pequenas inchazóns, como as de picaduras de abellas, a mortes súbitas, como as da [[toxina botúlica]].
== Toxinas ambientais ==
O termo '''toxina ambiental''' emprégase ás veces para incluír explicitamente a contaminantes sintéticos.<ref name="pmid14977703">{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Grigg J |title=Environmental toxins; their impact on children's health |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=244–50 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14977703 |pmc=1719840 |doi= 10.1136/adc.2002.022202|url=http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14977703}}</ref> Inclúen a produtos contaminantes industriais e outras substancias tóxicas producidas artificialmente. Este termo, que contradí as outras definicións de toxina, emprégase habitualmente en campos fóra das microbioloxías.
Algúns casos de toxinas ambientais que se transmite a través da cadeas tróficas de medios mariños e son prexudiciais para a saúde humana son:
* [[Toxina paralizante dos moluscos]].<ref name=iviv>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica| last1 = Vale | first1 = Carmen | last2 = Alfonso | first2 = Amparo | last3 = Vieytes | first3 = Mercedes R. | last4 = Romarís | first4 = Xosé Manuel | last5 = Arévalo | first5 = Fabiola | last6 = Botana | first6 = Ana M. | last7 = Botana | first7 = Luis M. | title = In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Potency and the Influence of the pH of Extraction | journal = [[Analytical Chemistry (journal)|Analytical Chemistry]] | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 1770–1776 | publisher = [[American Chemical Society]] | year = 2008 | pmid = 18232710 | doi = 10.1021/ac7022266}}</ref><ref name=dlpsp>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Oikawa | first1 = Hiroshi | last2 = Fujita | first2 = Tsuneo | last3 = Saito | first3 = Ken | last4 = Satomi | first4 = Masataka | last5 = Yano | first5 = Yutaka | title = Difference in the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica collected in Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture | journal = Fisheries Science | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 395–403 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01347.x}}</ref><ref name=psptp>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Abouabdellah | first1 = Rachid | last2 = Taleb | first2 = Hamid | last3 = Bennouna | first3 = Asmae | last4 = Erler | first4 = Katrin | last5 = Chafik | first5 = Abdeghani | last6 = Moukrim | first6 = Abdelatif | title = Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern Atlantic coasts of Morocco | journal = Toxin | volume = 51 | issue = 5 | pages = 780–786 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2008 | pmid = 18237757 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.004}}</ref>
* [[Toxina amnésica dos moluscos]].<ref name=aspt>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica| last1 = Wang | first1 = Lin | last2 = Liang | first2 = Xu-Fang | last3 = Zhang | first3 = Wen-Bing | last4 = Mai | first4 = Kang-Sen | last5 = Huang | first5 = Yan | last6 = Shen | first6 = Dan | title = Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly through AHR and ARNT in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major | journal = [[Marine Pollution Bulletin]] | volume = 58 | issue = 11 | pages = 1643–1648 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2009 | url = | pmid = 19665739 | doi = 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.004}}</ref><ref name=ocfl>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Wang | first1 = Lin | last2 = Vaquero | first2 = E. | last3 = Leão | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Gogo-Martínez | first4 = A. | last5 = Rodríguez Vázquez | first5 = J. A. | title = Optimization of conditions for the liquid chromatographic-electrospray lonization-mass spectrometric analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins | journal = [[Chromatographia]] | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = S231–S235 | publisher = [[Vieweg Verlag]] | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1007/BF02490333}}</ref>
* [[Toxina diarreica dos moluscos]].<ref name=dmto>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Mouratidou | first1 = Theoni | last2 = Kaniou-Grigoriadou | first2 = I. | last3 = Samara | first3 = C. | last4 = Kouimtzis | first4 = T. | title = Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, using biological, chemical and immunological methods | journal = [[Science of the Total Environment]] | volume = 366 | issue = 2 – 3 | pages = 894–904 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2006 | pmid = 16815531| doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.002}}</ref><ref name=ehed>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Doucet | first1 = Erin | last2 = Ross | first2 = Neil N. | last3 = Quilliam | first3 = Michael A. | title = Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins | journal = [[Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry]] | volume = 389 | issue = 1 | pages = 335–342 | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | pmid = 17661021| doi = 10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3}}</ref>
* [[Toxina neurotóxica dos moluscos]].<ref name=nspb>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Poli | first1 = Mark A. | last2 = Musser | first2 = Steven M. | last3 = Dickey | first3 = Robert W. | last4 = Eilers | first4 = Paul P. | last5 = Hall | first5 = Sherwood | title = Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida | journal = [[Toxicon]] | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 981–993 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9 | pmid=10728835}}</ref><ref name=bnba>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Morohashi | first1 = Akio | last2 = Satake | first2 = M. | last3 = Murata | first3 = K. | last4 = Naoki | first4 = H. | last5 = Kaspar | first5 = H. | last6 = Yasumoto | first6 = T. | title = Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from the greenshell mussel perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new zealand | journal = [[Tetrahedron Letters]] | volume = 36 | issue = 49 | pages = 8995–8998 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 1995 | url = | doi = 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O}}</ref><ref name=bigm>{{CiteCita journalpublicación periódica | last1 = Morohashi | first1 = Akio | last2 = Satake | first2 = Masayuki | last3 = Naoki| first3 = Hideo | last4 = Kaspar | first4 = Heinrich F. | last5 = Oshima | first5 = Yasukatsu | last6 = Yasumoto | first6 = Takeshi | title = Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand | journal = [[Tetrahedron Letters]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 45–48 | publisher = [[Natural Toxins]] | year = 1999 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/65500591/abstract | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H | pmid = 10495465 | accessdate = 15 February 2010}}</ref>
== Notas ==
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