Bioloxía do desenvolvemento: Diferenzas entre revisións
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'''Vertebrados:'''
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* Frog: ''[[Xenopus]]'' (''X.laevis and tropicalis'').<ref>Nieuwkoop, P.D. and Faber, J. (1967) Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). North-Holland, Amsterdam.</ref><ref>Harland, R.M. and Grainger, R.M. (2011) Xenopus research: metamorphosed by genetics and genomics. Trends in Genetics 27, 507-515.</ref> Good embryo supply. Especially suitable for microsurgery.▼
* [[Zebrafish]]: ''Danio rerio''.<ref>Lawson, N. D. and Wolfe, S. A. (2011) Forward and Reverse Genetic Approaches for the Analysis of Vertebrate Development in the Zebrafish. Developmental Cell 21, 48-64.</ref> Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics.▼
* Chicken: ''Gallus gallus''.<ref>Hassan Rashidi, V.S. (2009) The chick embryo: hatching a model for contemporary biomedical research. BioEssays 31, 459-465.</ref> Early stages similar to mammal, but microsurgery easier. Low cost.▼
* Mouse: ''Mus musculus''.<ref>Behringer, R., Gertsenstein, M, Vintersten, K. and Nagy, M. (2014) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo. A Laboratory Manual, Fourth Edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.</ref> A mammal with well developed genetics.▼
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'''Invertebrados:'''
* Fruit fly: ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''.<ref>St Johnston, D. (2002) The art and design of genetic screens: Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Rev Genet 3, 176-188.</ref> Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics. ▼
* Nematode: ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]''.<ref>Riddle, D.L., Blumenthal, T., Meyer, B.J. and Priess, J.R. (1997) C.elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.</ref> Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics. Low cost.▼
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Also popular for some purposes have been [[sea urchins]]<ref>Ettensohn, C.A. and Sweet, H.C. (2000) Patterning the early sea urchin embryo. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 50, 1-44.</ref> and [[Ascidiacea|ascidians]].<ref>Lemaire, P. (2011) Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: the tunicates. Development 138, 2143-2152.</ref> For studies of regeneration urodele amphibians such as the [[axolotl]] ''Ambystoma mexicanum'' are used,<ref>Nacu, E. and Tanaka, E.M. (2011) Limb Regeneration: A New Development? Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 27, 409-440.</ref> and also planarian worms such as ''[[Schmidtea mediterranea]]''.<ref>Reddien, P.W. and Alvarado, A.S. (2004) Fundamentals of planarian regeneration. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20, 725-757.</ref> Plant development has focused on the thale cress ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' as a model organism.<ref>Weigel, D. and Glazebrook, J. (2002) Arabidopsis. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.</ref>▼
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== procesos de desenvolvemento ==
[[File:Slack Essential Dev Biol Fig 02-08.jpg|thumb|left|Generalized scheme of embryonic development. Slack "Essential Developmental Biology" Fig.2.8]]▼
=== Desenvolvemento embrionario en animais ===
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[[Ficheiro:HumanEmbryogenesis.svg|miniatura|300px|Estadios iniciais da [[embrioxénese humana]].]]
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The sperm and egg fuse in the process of fertilization to form a fertilized egg, or [[zygote]].<ref>Jungnickel, M.K., Sutton, K.A. and Florman, H.M. (2003) In the beginning: lessons from fertilization in mice and worms. Cell 114, 401-404</ref> This undergoes a period of divisions to form a ball or sheet of similar cells called a [[blastula]] or [[blastoderm]]. These cell divisions are usually rapid with no growth so the daughter cells are half the size of the mother cell and the whole embryo stays about the same size. They are called [[cleavage(embryo)|cleavage]] divisions. Morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three layered structure consisting of multicellular sheets called [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]] and [[endoderm]], which are known as [[germ layers]]. This is the process of [[gastrulation]]. During cleavage and gastrulation the first regional specification events occur. In addition to the formation of the three germ layers themselves, these often generate extraembryonic structures, such as the mammalian [[placenta]], needed for support and nutrition of the embryo,<ref>Steven, D.H.(ed.) (1975) Comparative Placentation. Academic Press, London</ref> and also establish differences of commitment along the anteroposterior axis (head, trunk and tail).<ref>Kimelman, D. and Martin, B.L. (2012) Anterior-posterior patterning in early development: three strategies. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Developmental Biology 1, 253-266.
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