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Alfabeto hebreo (editar)

Revisión como estaba o 18 de maio de 2015 ás 06:21

720 bytes engadidos ,  hai 5 anos
→‎Transcripción e transliteración das letras hebreas en galego
! colspan="11" | Consonants
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Aleph|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|א}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|alef}}
| {{unicode|'}}<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Beth (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ב}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|vet}}
| {{unicode|v}}
| {{IPA|[v]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|בּ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|bet}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|b}}
| {{IPA|[bb]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Gimel|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ג}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|gimel}}
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|g}}
| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|גּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|gīmel}}
| {{unicode|g}}
| {{IPA|[ɡɡ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ג׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| {{unicode|jimel}}
| {{unicode|j}}
! colspan="3"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Dalet|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ד}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|dalet}}
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|d}}
| {{IPA|[ð]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|דּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|dāleṯ}}
| {{unicode|d}}
| {{IPA|[dd]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ד׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| {{unicode|dhalet}}
| {{unicode|dh}}
! colspan="3"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[He (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ה}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|hei}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|h}}
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|הּ}}</span>
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Waw (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|vav}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|v (w)}}<ref name="note_w" group="note" />
| {{IPA|[v] [(w)]}}<ref name="note_w" group="note" />
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|וּ}}</span><ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note" />
| {{unicode|vv}}
| {{unicode|ww}}
| {{IPA|[vv]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Zayin|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ז}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|zayin}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|z}}
| {{IPA|[z]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|זּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|zz}}
| {{unicode|zz}}
| {{IPA|[zz]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ז׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| {{unicode|zhayin}}
| {{unicode|zh}}
! colspan="3"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Heth|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ח}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|chet}}
| {{unicode|ch, kh, h}}
| {{IPA|[ħ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Teth|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ט}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|tet}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|t}}
| {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|tt}}
| {{unicode|tt}}
| {{IPA|[tˤtˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Yodh|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|י}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|yud}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|y, i}}<ref name="note_i" group="note" />
| {{IPA|[j]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|יּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|yy}}
| {{unicode|yy}}
| {{IPA|[jj]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Kaph|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ך&nbsp;כ}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|chaf}}
| {{unicode|ch, kh}}
| {{IPA|[x]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ךּ&nbsp;כּ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|kaf}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|k}}
| {{IPA|[kk]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Lamedh|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ל}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|lamed}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|l}}
| {{IPA|[l]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|לּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|ll}}
| {{unicode|ll}}
| {{IPA|[ll]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Mem|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ם&nbsp;מ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|mem}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|m}}
| {{IPA|[m]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|מּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|mm}}
| {{unicode|mm}}
| {{IPA|[mm]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Nun (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ן&nbsp;נ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|nun}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|n}}
| {{IPA|[n]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|נּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|nn}}
| {{unicode|nn}}
| {{IPA|[nn]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Samekh|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ס}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|samech}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|s}}
| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|סּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|ss}}
| {{unicode|ss}}
| {{IPA|[ss]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Ayin|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ע}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|ayin}}
| {{unicode|'}}<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Pe (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ף&nbsp;פ}}]]</span>
| {{unicode|fei}}
| {{unicode|f}}
| {{IPA|[f]}}
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ףּ&nbsp;פּ}}</span><ref name="note_pe_hazak_sofit" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|pei}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|p}}
| {{IPA|[pp]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Tsade|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ץ&nbsp;צ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|tzadi}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|tz}}
| {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|צּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|ẕẕ}}
| {{unicode|ṣāḏē ḥāzāq}}
| {{IPA|[sˤsˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ץ׳&nbsp;צ׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| {{unicode|tshadi}}
| {{unicode|tsh, ch}}
! colspan="3"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Qoph|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ק}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|kuf}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|k}}
| {{IPA|[q]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|קּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|kk}}
| {{unicode|qq}}
| {{IPA|[qq]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Resh|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ר}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|reish}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|r}}
| {{IPA|[ʀ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|רּ}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| {{unicode|rr}}
| {{unicode|rr}}
| {{IPA|[ʀʀ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Shin (letter)|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|שׁ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|shin}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|sh}}
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|שּׁ}}</span>
| {{unicode|šīn ḥāzāq}}
| {{unicode|šš}}
| {{IPA|[ʃʃ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|שׂ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|sin}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|s}}
| {{IPA|[s]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|שּׂ}}</span>
| {{unicode|ss}}
| {{unicode|ss}}
| {{IPA|[ss]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Taw|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ת}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|tav}}
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|t}}
| {{IPA|[θ]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|תּ}}</span>
| {{unicode|tāw}}
| {{unicode|t}}
| {{IPA|[tt]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ת׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| {{unicode|thav}}
| {{unicode|th}}
! colspan="11"| Forms used only in transliterations of Arabic
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ח׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ḫāʾ|{{unicode|ḫāʾ}}]]
| {{unicode|ḫ}}
! colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ט׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ẓāʾ|{{unicode|ẓāʾ}}]]
| {{unicode|ẓ}}
! colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ע׳&nbsp;ר׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ġayn|{{unicode|ġayn}}]]
| {{unicode|ġ}}
! colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|ץ׳&nbsp;צ׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ḍād|{{unicode|ḍād}}]]
| {{unicode|ḍ}}
! colspan="11"| Vowels
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|shva nach}}
! colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| {{IPA|[ɐ̆] <br /> [ɛ̆] <br /> [ĕ] <br /> [ĭ] <br /> [ɔ̆] <br /> [ŏ] <br /> [ŭ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|חֱ}}</span>
| {{unicode|chataf segol}}
| {{unicode|e}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ̆]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|חֲ}}</span>
| {{unicode|chataf patach}}
| {{unicode|a}}
| {{IPA|[ɐ̆]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|חֳ}}</span>
| {{unicode|chataf kamatz}}
| {{unicode|o}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ̆]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טִ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|chirik}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|i}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֵ}}</span>
| {{unicode|tzeire}}
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|e}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֶ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|segol}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|seggol}}
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טַ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|patach}}
| rowspan="3"| {{unicode|a}}
| {{IPA|[ɐː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="3" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טָ}}</span>
| {{unicode|kamatz gadol}}
| {{unicode|kamats gadol}}
| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֹ}}</span>
| {{unicode|cholam}}
| {{unicode|ẖolam}}
| {{IPA|[oː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֻ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|kubutz}}
| rowspan="4"| {{unicode|u}}
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טוּ}}</span><ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|shuruk}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|shuruk}}
! colspan="11"| Israeli Diphthongs
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֵי}}</span>
| {{unicode|tzeire yud}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|ei}}
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֶי}}</span>
| {{unicode|segol yud}}
| {{unicode|seggol}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ(ː)]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טַי&nbsp;טַיְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|patach yud}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|ai}}
| {{IPA|[ɐ(ː)j]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" dir="rtl"|{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טָי&nbsp;טָיְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|kamatz gadol yud}}
| {{unicode|kamats gadol yud}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|oy}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֹי&nbsp;טֹיְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|cholam yud}}
| {{unicode|ẖolam yud}}
| {{IPA|[oːj]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טֻי&nbsp;טֻיְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|kubutz yud}}
| rowspan="2"| {{unicode|ui}}
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[u(ː)j]}}
|-
| align="center" dir="rtl"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{hebrewEscrita/hebrea|טוּי&nbsp;טוּיְ}}</span>
| {{unicode|shuruk yud}}
| {{unicode|shuruk yud}}
=====Notes=====
{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=
{{#tag:ref|Rarely, [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]] contain the phoneme {{IPA|/w/}}, which [[Linguistic prescription|standardly]] is spelled with "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}", indistinguishably from "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}" denoting {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="transliteration_rules">[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language]</ref> Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו׳}}" or word-initial "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|וו}}" (see [[Vav (letter)#Pronunciation|orthographic variants of vav]]), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}" as {{IPA|/w/}} cannot rely on [[orthography]] but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|דַּאַוִין}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D3%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05DF <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "da'awín", "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|בָּאֲוִיר}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D1%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05E8 <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "ba'avír".|name="note_w"|group="note"}}
<ref name="note_pe_hazak_sofit" group="note">The pe hazak sofit {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ףּ}} is found once in the [[Tanakh]]. But {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ף}} is never used for {{IPA|/p/}} in Modern Hebrew, with {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|פ}} being used in all positions, including word-finally.</ref>
<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note">Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.</ref>
<ref name="note_init_omit" group="note">Omitted at the beginnings of words.</ref>
<ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note">[[Shuruk]] and "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}" with a [[dagesh]] look identical ("{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|וּ}}") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with [[nikud]], "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|ו}}" with a [[dagesh]] will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|שׁוּק}}, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|וּ}}" denotes a [[shuruk]]) as opposed to {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|שִׁוֵּק}} ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|וּ}}" denotes a vav with [[dagesh]]). In the word {{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|שִׁוּוּק}} ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("{{HebrewEscrita/hebrea|וּ}}") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk., being the vocal point attributed to the first.</ref>
<ref name="note_i" group="note">Usually written as ''i'' after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.</ref>
<ref name="note_loan" group="note">For phonemes in [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]]. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.</ref>
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