Músculo esquelético: Diferenzas entre revisións

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Miguelferig (conversa | contribucións)
Miguelferig (conversa | contribucións)
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==Vías de transdución de sinais==
O [[fenotipo]] do tipo de fibra muscular esquelética en animais adultos está regulado por varias vías de sinalización independentes. Estas inclúen vías implicadas na vía [[subfamilia Ras|Ras]]/proteína quinase activada por mitóxeno ([[MAPK]]), calcineurina, proteína quinase dependente do calcio/calmodulina IV, e coactivador 1 do proliferados do peroxisoma γ (PGC-1). A [[vía MAPK/ERK|vía de sinlaización Ras/MAPK]] liga as motoneuronas e os sistemas de sinalización, acoplando a excitación e a regulación da [[transcrición xenética|transcrición]] para promover a indución dependente dos nervios do programa lento en músculos en rexeneración. A [[calcineurina]], unha [[fosfatase]] activada polo Ca<sup>2+</sup>/[[calmodulina]] implicada no especificación do tipo de fibra dependente da actividade do nervio no músculo esquelético, controla directamente o estado de [[fosforilación]] do [[factor de transcrición]] [[NFAT]], o que permite a súa translocación ao núcleo e leva á activación de proteínas musculares de tipo lento en cooperación coa proeína factor potenciador de miocitos 2 ([[MEF2]]) e outras proteínas regulatorias. A acrividade da [[proteína quinase dependente de Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulina]] está tamén regulada á alza pola actividade de motoneurona lenta, posiblemente porque amplifica as respostas xeradas pola calcineurina de tipo lento ao promover as funcións do [[transactivador]] MEF2 e auemntar a capacidade oxidativa por medio da estimulación da bioxénese mitocondrial.
Skeletal muscle fiber-type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent signaling pathways. These include pathways involved with the [[Ras subfamily|Ras]]/mitogen-activated protein kinase ([[MAPK]]) pathway, calcineurin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, and the peroxisome proliferator γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1). The [[MAPK/ERK pathway|Ras/MAPK signaling pathway]] links the motor neurons and signaling systems, coupling excitation and transcription regulation to promote the nerve-dependent induction of the slow program in regenerating muscle. [[Calcineurin]], a Ca2+/[[calmodulin]]-activated [[phosphatase]] implicated in nerve activity-dependent fiber-type specification in skeletal muscle, directly controls the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor [[NFAT]], allowing for its translocation to the nucleus and leading to the activation of slow-type muscle proteins in cooperation with myocyte enhancer factor 2 ([[MEF2]]) proteins and other regulatory proteins. [[Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase]] activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity, possibly because it amplifies the slow-type calcineurin-generated responses by promoting MEF2 [[transactivator]] functions and enhancing oxidative capacity through stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.
 
Os cambios inducidos pola contracción no calcio intracelular ou as [[especies reactivas do oxíxeno]] proporcionan sinais a varias vías entre as que están as MAPKs, a calcineurina e a proteína quinase dependente do calcio/calmodulina IV para activar factores de transcrición que regulan a [[expresión xénica]] e a actividade [[encima|encimática]] no músculo esquelético.
Contraction-induced changes in intracellular calcium or reactive oxygen species provide signals to diverse pathways that include the MAPKs, calcineurin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV to activate transcription factors that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity in skeletal muscle.
 
[[Ficheiro:Muscle pathways.svg|miniatura|400px|esquerda|Vías e sinalización incluídas no exercicio no músculo esquelético que determina as características especializadas das fibras musculares ST e FT.]]
[[File:Muscle pathways.svg|thumb|400px|left|Exercise-Included Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle That Determine Specialized Characteristics of ST and FT Muscle Fibers]]
 
PGC1-α ([[PPARGC1A]]), a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism, directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective ST muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ ([[PPARδ]])-mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype. Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARd display an “endurance” phenotype, with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased proportion of ST fibers. Thus—through functional genomics—calcineurin, calmodulin-dependent kinase, PGC-1α, and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber-type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance and obesity.