Lingua hebrea: Diferenzas entre revisións
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O '''hebreo''' ou '''hebraico'''<ref>{{DRAG-PdP|termo_DRAG=hebraico}}</ref> (en {{lang-he|עִבְרִית}} ʿIvrit) é é unha [[lingua semítica]] da [[Linguas afroasiáticas|familia lingüística afroasiática]]. Historicamente, é a lingua [[Tribos de Israel|iraelistas]] e os seus antergos, malia que a lingua non aparece co nome de hebreo no [[Tanakh]].{{#tag:ref|No [[Tanakh]] (Biblia xudía), a lingua é chamada "yehudit" (a lingua de Xudá) ou "səpaṯ kəna‘an" (a lingua de Canaan).<ref>[http://aschmann.net/BibleChronology/HebrewInGenesis.pdf Rick Aschmann, “Hebrew” in Genesis]</ref><ref name=ASB>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EZCgpaTgLm0C&pg=PA1 A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Sáenz-Badillos]</ref> Later Hellenistic writers such as [[Josephus]] and the [[Gospel of John]] used the term ''Hebraisti'' to refer to both Hebrew and Aramaic.<ref name=ASB/>|group="note"}} Os exemplos máis antigos de [[alfabeto paleohebreo|paleohebreo]] datan do [[século -X]], na forma de debuxos primitivos, mais "a cuestión da lingua usada na inscrición queda sen responder, facendo imposible probar que era hebreo e non outra lingua local".<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news182101034.html |título=Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered |publisher=Physorg.com |data= |dataacceso=25 de abril de 2013}}</ref>
Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between the first and fourth centuries CE<ref>"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. a professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews...the Jewish community in say Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." -- Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's ''Who Wrote the Bible''</ref> and survived into the medieval period only as the language of Jewish liturgy and rabbinic literature. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to [[Ethnologue]], is now the language of 9 million people worldwide,<ref name=israel-hayom-hebrew-speakers>{{cite news|last=Klein|first=Zeev|title=A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065|accessdate=2 November 2013|newspaper=[[Israel Hayom]]|date=March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Behadrey-Haredim>{{cite web|authors=Nachman Gur, Behadrey Haredim|title=Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?|url=http://www.bhol.co.il/article_en.aspx?id=52405|accessdate=2 November 2013}}</ref> of whom 7 million are from [[Israel]].<ref name=ucl.ac.uk>{{cite web|title=Hebrew - UCL|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/clie/learning-resources/sac/hebrew|work=[[University College London]]|accessdate=2 November 2013}}</ref> The [[United States]] has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers,<ref name="2009 survey">{{Citation|url=http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/population/ancestry_language_spoken_at_home.html|title=Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2009|work=The 2012 Statistical Abstract|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> mostly from Israel.
[[Modern Hebrew]] is one of the two [[official language]]s of Israel (the other being [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]]), while [[Biblical Hebrew]] is used for prayer or study in [[Jews|Jewish]] communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the [[Samaritans]], while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. As a foreign language, it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, and by archaeologists and linguists specializing in the [[Middle East]] and its civilizations, as well as by theologians, and in Christian seminaries.
The [[Torah]] (the first five books of the [[Hebrew Bible]]), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in [[Biblical Hebrew]], and much of its present form is specifically the dialect of [[Biblical Hebrew]] that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]]. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by [[Jew]]s as ''{{transl|he|Leshon HaKodesh}}'' ({{lang|he|לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ}}), "The [[Leshon Hakodesh|Holy Language]]", since ancient times.
[[File:Simtat Aluf Batslut.JPG|miniatura|esquerda|Cartel en hebreo coa súa [[transliteración]] en [[alfabeto latino]] nunha rúa de [[Tel Aviv]].]]▼
== Historia ==
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O hebreo é unha [[macrolingua]] con case 30 séculos de historia escrita. Obviamente nun período tan longo a lingua sufriu procesos de [[cambio lingüístico]] que fan que o hebreo antigo e o hebreo actual, máis que unha mesma lingua, poidan considerarse linguas emparentadas pero que difiren na pronunciación, na gramática e no léxico. Nun sentido parecido, o latín e as linguas románicas son linguas claramente emparentadas pero difiren nun número de aspectos, a tal punto que os modernos falantes non poden comprender o latín clásico sen unha aprendizaxe específica dos elementos básicos da lingua antiga.
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