Filoxenia molecular: Diferenzas entre revisións

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The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works of [[Emile Zuckerkandl]], [[Emanuel Margoliash]], [[Linus Pauling]], and [[Walter M. Fitch]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Suárez-Díaz, Edna and Anaya-Muñoz, Victor H. |year=2008|title= History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies|pmid=19026976|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.002|journal= Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. |volume=39|pages=451–468|issue=4}}</ref> Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by [[Charles Sibley|Charles G. Sibley]] ([[bird]]s), [[Herbert C. Dessauer]] ([[herpetology]]), and [[Morris Goodman]] ([[primate]]s), followed by [[Allan Wilson|Allan C. Wilson]], [[Robert K. Selander]], and [[John C. Avise]] (who studied various groups). Work with [[protein electrophoresis]] began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of [[bird]]s, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, [[DNA-DNA hybridization]] was the dominant technique.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ahlquist, Jon E.|year= 1999|title= Charles G. Sibley: A commentary on 30 years of collaboration|journal=The Auk|volume=116|issue=3|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/26122|pages=856–860|doi=10.2307/4089352 }}</ref>
 
== Aplicacións ==
== Técnicas e aplicacións ==
Every living [[organism]] contains [[DNA]], [[RNA]], and [[protein]]s. In general, closely related organisms have a high degree of agreement in the [[molecular structure]] of these substances, while the molecules of organisms distantly related usually show a pattern of dissimilarity. Conserved sequences, such as mitochondrial DNA, are expected to accumulate mutations over time, and assuming a constant rate of mutation, provides a [[molecular clock]] for dating divergence. Molecular phylogeny uses such data to build a "relationship tree" that shows the probable [[evolution]] of various organisms. Not until recent decades{{Nonspecific|date=February 2013}}, however, has it been possible to isolate and identify these molecular structures.