Ácido micólico: Diferenzas entre revisións

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[[Ficheiro:Mycobacterium mycolic acids.svg|miniatura|500px|Ácidos micólicos de ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis.'']]
 
''[[M. tuberculosis]]'' producesproduce threetres maintipos typesprincipais ofde mycolicácidos acidsmicólicos: alphaalfa-, methoxymetoxi-, ande ketoceto-. Os Alphaácidos alfa-mycolicmicólicos acidscomprenden comprisepolo atmenos leasto 70% ofdos theácidos mycolicmicólicos acidspresentes presentno inmicroorganismo thee organismconteñen andvarios containaneis severalde [[cyclopropaneciclopropano]] rings. Os Methoxyácidos metoxi-mycolic acidsmicólicos, whichque containconteñen severalvarios grupos [[methoxymetoxi]] groups, comprisecomprenden betweenentre o 10% ande o 15% ofdos theácidos mycolicmicólicos acidsdo in the organismmicroorganismo. O The remainingrestante 10% toa 15% ofds theácidos mycolicmicólicos acidsson areácidos ketoceto-mycolic acidsmicólicos, whichos containcales severalconteñen varios grupos [[ketonecetona]] groups.
 
A presenza de ácidos micólicos dálle a ''M. tuberculosis'' moitas características que a fan resistente a moitos tratamenteos médicos. Danlle á bacteria unha maior resistencia aos danos químicos e á deshidratación, e impiden a actividade efectiva dos [[antibiótico]]s [[hidrofóbico]]s. Ademais, os ácidos micólicos permítenlle á bacteria crecer facilmente no interios dos [[macrófago]]s (que as [[fagocitose|fagocitaron]]), ao facelas indetectables polo [[sistema inmunitario]] do [[hóspede]]. A biosíntese de micolatos é crucial para a supervivencia e patoxénese de ''M. tuberculosis''. A vía de síntese e os [[encima]]s utilizados coñécense en detalle.<ref> Takayama, K.; Wang, C.; Besra, G. S. (2005). "Pathway to Synthesis and Processing of Mycolic Acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18 (1): 81–101. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.1.81-101.2005. PMC 544180. PMID 15653820.</ref><ref> Raman, K.; Rajagopalan, P.; Chandra, N. (2005). "Flux Balance Analysis of Mycolic Acid Pathway: Targets for Anti-Tubercular Drugs". PLoS Computational Biology 1 (5): e46. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010046. PMC 1246807. PMID 16261191.</ref> A vía ten cinco pasos, que se resumen como segue:<ref> Bhatt, A.; Molle, V.; Besra, G. S.; Jacobs, W. R.; Kremer, L. (2007). "The Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II condensing enzymes: Their role in mycolic acid biosynthesis, acid-fastness, pathogenesis and in future drug development". Molecular Microbiology 64 (6): 1442–1454. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05761.x. PMID 17555433.</ref>
The presence of mycolic acids gives ''M. tuberculosis'' many characteristics that defy medical treatment. They lend the organism increased resistance to chemical damage and dehydration, and prevent the effective activity of [[hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] [[antibiotic]]s. In addition, the mycolic acids allow the bacterium to grow readily inside [[macrophage]]s, effectively hiding it from the host's [[immune system]]. Mycolate biosynthesis is crucial for survival and pathogenesis of ''M. tuberculosis''. The pathway and enzymes have been elucidated and reported in detail.<ref>{{pmid|15653820}}</ref><ref>{{pmid|16261191}}</ref> Five distinct stages are involved. These were summarised as follows:<ref>{{pmid|17555433}}</ref>
* Synthesis of the C26 saturated straight chain fatty acids by the enzyme [[fatty acid synthase]]-I (FAS-I) to provide the α-alkyl branch of the mycolic acids;
* Synthesis of the C56 fatty acids by FAS-II providing the meromycolate backbone;