Peptidoglicano: Diferenzas entre revisións

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O '''peptidoglicano''', tamén chamado '''mureína''', é un [[polímero]] formado por [[carbohidrato|azucres]] e [[aminoácido]]s que forma unha capa reticular que rodea a [[membrana plasmática]] da maioría das [[bacteria]]s (pero non das [[arquea]]s) e que constitúe a súa [[parede celular]]. O compoñente carbohidrato do peptidoglicano é un hetero[[polisacárido]] formado por residuos alternantes dos [[monosacárido]]s [[N-acetilglicosamina|''N''-acetilglicosamina]] e [[ácido N-acetilmurámico|ácido ''N''-acetilmuráamico]], unidos entre si por [[enlace glicosídico]] β-(1,4). As cadeas deste heteropolisacárido dispóñense paralelamente. Unido ao ácido ''N''-acetilmurámico está o compoñente aminoacídico, que é un [[péptido]] de tres a cinco aminoácidos. Esta cadea peptídica pode establecer enlaces cruzados cos péptidos doutras cadeas do heteropolisacárido, formando unha capa reticular tridimensional. <ref>[http://pharmaxchange.info/press/2011/03/animation-of-synthesis-of-peptidoglycan-layer/ Animation of Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Layer]</ref> Some

Algunhas [[Archaea]] haveteñen aunha capa bastante similar layerpero ofde [[pseudopeptidoglycanpseudopeptidoglicano]] orou [[pseudomureinpseudomureína]], wherena theque os residuos de azucres están unidos sugarpor residuesenlaces areglicosídicos β-(1,3) linkede os azucres que a forman son a ''N''-acetylglucosamineacetilglicosamina ande a [[ácido N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acidacetiltalosaminurónico|ácido ''N''-acetyltalosaminuronic acidacetiltalosaminurónico]]. ThatIsto isexplica whyque thea cellparede walldas ofqrqueas Archaea issexa insensitiveinsensible toá [[lysozymelisocima]], que ataca ao peptidoglicano. <ref>Madigan, M. T., J. M. Martinko, P. V. Dunlap, and D. P. Clark. Brock biology of microorganisms. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2009.</ref> Peptidoglycan

O servespeptidoglicano aexerce structuralun rolepapel inestrutural thena bacterialcélula cell wallbacteriana, givingdándolle structuralforza strengthestrutural, ase wellprotexéndoa as counteracting theda [[turgor|osmoticpresión pressureosmótica]] ofexercida thepolo [[cytoplasmcitoplasma]]. A common misconception is that peptidoglycan gives the cell its shape; however, whereas peptidoglycan helps maintain the structural strength of the cell, it is actually the [[MreB]] protein that facilitates cell shape {{Citation needed|date=January 2011|reason=PBP mutants (responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis) have different shape}}.<ref name="pmid11544518">{{cite journal| author=van den Ent F, Amos LA, Löwe J| title=Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton. | journal=Nature | year= 2001 | volume= 413 | issue= 6851 | pages= 39–44 | pmid=11544518 | doi=10.1038/35092500 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11544518 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20168300">{{cite journal| author=van den Ent F, Johnson CM, Persons L, de Boer P, Löwe J| title=Bacterial actin MreB assembles in complex with cell shape protein RodZ. | journal=EMBO J | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 1081–90 | pmid=20168300 | doi=10.1038/emboj.2010.9 | pmc=2845281 }} </ref> PeptidoglycanO ispeptidoglicano alsoestá involvedtamén inimplicado na [[binaryfisión fissionbinaria]] duringdurante bacteriala celldivisión celular reproductionbacteriana.
 
The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in [[Gram-positive]] [[bacteria]] (20 to 80 nanometers) than in [[Gram-negative]] bacteria (7 to 8 nanometers), with the attachment of the [[S-layer]]. Peptidoglycan forms around 90% of the [[dry weight]] of Gram-positive bacteria but only 10% of Gram-negative strains. Thus, presence of high levels of peptidoglycan is the primary determinant of the characterisation of bacteria as gram-positive.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480 ''Bacteria''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC]</ref> In Gram-positive strains, it is important in attachment roles and stereotyping purposes.<ref name=Salton1996>{{cite book | author = Salton MRJ, Kim KS | title = Structure. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Barron S ''et al.'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.289#297 | isbn=0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> For both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particles of approximately 2&nbsp;nm can pass through the peptidoglycan.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Demchick PH, Koch AL | title=The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis | journal=Journal of Bacteriology | date=1 February 1996| pages=768–73| volume=178 | issue=3 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/178/3/768 | pmid=8550511 | pmc=177723 }}</ref>